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Notes
1. I have addressed the first issue elsewhere, primarily in the outputs of the Learning How to Learn project (James et al., Citation2007).
2. ‘Assessment as learning’ is increasingly used to signify the importance of the active role of students in assessment processes to promote learning (Earl, Citation2013) although, in the context of vocational education, Torrance (Citation2007) used the expression to critique the increasing use of atomistic criteria as a structure for curriculum planning and teaching.
3. The slides from this talk are available at: http://www.mantleoftheexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/mary-james-assessment.pdf (Accessed 21 March 2017).
4. Baird et al. (Citation2017) appear to equate sociocultural approaches with social constructivism. Some would regard this as problematic as the latter has a closer relation to social psychology, and focuses on individual acquisition of knowledge, albeit in social context, whilst the former derives more from anthropology with its emphasis on learning as participation in ‘communities of practice’ (Lave & Wenger, Citation1991; Wenger, Citation1998). Like Sfard (Citation1998) I take the view that there are dangers in trying to make too many fine distinctions. Indeed, if one follows the line of Vygotsky and Dewey, learning is both individual and social. What we need is an expansion of the concept of learning.
5. Baird et al. (Citation2017) make the point: ‘Perhaps attainment performances are not matters that can be turned into measurements’ (p. 326).
6. An example is given in James (Citation2012, pp. 196–198).
7. After 33 years, the Coalition of Essential Schools announced its closure on 10 March 2017. However, resources continue to be available at http://essentialschools.org/resources/.
8. An example of this in classic ethnographic studies is Turnbull’s (Citation1972) account of why, in studying the mountain people of East Africa, his experience of failed applications to study favoured projects, and disasters in his travel arrangements, predisposed him to hate the Ik.
9. In October 2016 The House of Commons Education Committee established an inquiry into primary assessment in which this was a subject for discussion.
10. See, for example: http://arkonline.org/blog/comparative-judgement-future-moderation (Accessed 22 March 2017).
11. The Learning How to Learn project found that teacher learning was crucial for effective assessment for learning (Pedder & James, Citation2012).