Substitution of crystalline l-lysine with l-lysine enriched fermentation broth in feed and effect on the performance of broiler chicks

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of basal feed.

Ingredients	Rate of inclusion (kg/1000 kg)	Chemical composition^a	g/kg
Corn	398.7	Metaboliseable energy (MJ/kg)	11.42
Rice broken	100.0	Crude protein	193.1
Rice polish	100.0	Fat	34.1
Sunflower meal	24.6	Fibre	53.4
Soybean meal	200.0	Total ash	62.2
Canola meal	110.0	Salt	03.8
Limestone	12.7	Calcium	10.0
Bone	18.0	Phosphorus (total)	8.5
Molasses	30.0	Phosphorus (available)	4.5
Dl-Methionine	8.0	Lysine (total)	8.0
	5.0	Methionine	42.0
Vitamin premix		Aflatoxin^b (ppb)	30.77
		Sodium	0.5
		Potassium	8.7
^aCalculated.
^bAnalysed by AFLATEST® (VICAM, Watertown, MA, USA).

Table 2. Detail of group.

Groups	Lysine added (g/kg feed)	Total lysine (g/kg feed)	Lysine sources	Percentage of NRC (1994) recommendations	Group definition
A	Nil	8	Basal feed	72.72	Negative control
B	2	10	Basal feed + crystalline l-lysine HCl	90.90	Positive control
C	3	11	Basal feed + crystalline l-lysine HCl	100	Positive control
D	2	10	Basal feed+fermentation broth	90.90	Treatment
E	3	11	Basal feed+fermentation broth	100	Treatment

Table 3. Comparative effect of lysine sources on body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality of broiler chicks.

		Body weight (kg/chick)		FCR (kg/kg)		Mortality (%)
Groups	Total lysine (g/kg feed)	21 day mean±SD	42 day mean±SD	21 day mean ±SD	42 day mean ±SD	21 day mean±SD	42 day mean±SD
A	8	0.506^d±0.008	1.675 ^d±0.021	1.954^a±0.313	2.546^a±0.049	3.2±1.64	6.0 ±2.24
B	11	0.583^b±0.011	1.765^bc±0.065	1.692^b±0.037	2.322^b±0.06	4.2±2.17	7.4±1.52
C	12	0.636^a±0.009	1.98^a±0.028	1.558^c±0.026	2.05^c±0.028	2.6±0.55	5.8±0.84
D	11	0.574^c±0.008	1.814^b±0.33	1.724^b±0.015	2.24^b±0.081	3.0±1.73	6.0±2.24
E	12	0.632^a±0.008	1.99^a±0.021	1.564^c±0.023	2.038^c±0.02	2.8±0.45	6.0±0.71
Note: A, basal feed; B, basal feed + crystalline l-lysine HCl (2 g/kg feed); C, basal feed + crystalline l-lysine HCl (3g/kg feed); D, basal feed + fermentation broth equivalent to 2 g lysine/kg feed; E, basal feed+fermentation broth equivalent to 3 g lysine/kg feed.
n=5 (pens of 100 chicks each) per group
^a–dMeans in a column lacking common superscript differ significantly (P≤0.001), LSD.

Table 4. Linear regression (curve estimate) analysis comparing negative control with positive control groups and negative control with treatment groups (P < 0.001).

	Groups compared
	A, B and C				A, D and F
Statistical parameters	BW 21 days	BW 42 days	FCR 21 days	FCR 42 days	BW 21 days	BW 42 days	FCR 21 days	FCR 42 days
R ^2	0.908	0.603	0.938	0.787	0.928	0.86	0.952	0.921
Adjusted R ^2	0.901	0.572	0.934	0.77	0.922	0.849	0.948	0.915
F	128.01	19.71	197.86	47.913	167.375	79.832	257.736	151.336
y=a+b (x)	0.2957+0.268x	0.594+1.189x	−0.927+2.699x	−1.054+3.402x	0.294+0.266x	0.705+1.097x	−0.927+2.705x	−1.212+3.527x
P	>0.001	=0.001	>0.001	>0.001	>0.001	>0.001	>0.001	>0.001
A, negative control; B, positive control (crystalline l-lysine HCl (2 g/kg feed); C, positive control (crystalline l-lysine HCl (3 g/kg lysine), D, fermentation broth equivalent to 2 g lysine/kg feed; E, basal feed ingredients+fermentation broth (3 g/kg lysine); BW, body weight.

Table 5. Geometrical mean titres (GMT) of antibodies against new castle disease virus on day 42.

			Distribution of titre in tested chicks
Group	Replicate	No. of chicks tested	1:8	1:16	1:32	1:64	1:128	1:256	GMT	SEM
A	A1	5	–	1	1	1	2	–	54.95
	A2	5	–	2	2	–	1	–	28.84
	A3	5	–	2	–	–	3	–	50.71
	A4	5	1	–	–	4	–	–	42.13
	A5	5	–	–	–	4	1	–	72.44
Total		25	1	5	3	9	7	–	49.89	7.21
B	B1	5	–	–	2	2	1	–	55.72
	B2	5	–	1	1	2	–	1	55.72
	B3	5	1	–	2	1	1	–	36.31
	B4	5	–	1	1	2	1	–	47.86
	B5	5	–	1	1	2	–	1	55.72
Total		25	1	3	7	9	3	2	50.27	3.81
C	C1	5	–	–	–	3	1	1	97.05
	C2	5	–	1	2	2	–	–	36.31
	C3	5	–	1	1	3	–	–	41.69
	C4	5	–	2	1	1	1	–	36.31
	C5	5	–	–	2	2	1	–	56.24
Total		25		4	6	11	3	1	53.52	11.48
D	D1	5	–	–	2	2	1	–	55.72
	D2	5	–	–	–	3	1	1	97.05
	D3	5	1	–	2	1	1	–	36.31
	D4	5	–	1	1	2	1	–	47.86
	D5	5	–	1	1	3	–	–	41.69
Total		25	1	2	6	11	4	1	55.73	10.83
E	E1	5	–	–	2	2	1	–	55.72
	E2	5	–	–	3	2	–	–	41.69
	E3	5	–	–	2	2	1	–	55.72
	E4	5	–	–	–	4	1	–	72.44
	E5	5	–	–	2	3	–	–	47.86
Total		25	–	–	9	13	3	–	54.69	5.16
F	F1	5	–	1	1	2	–	1	55.72
	F2	5	–	–	2	2	1	–	55.72
	F3	5	–	1	1	2	1	–	47.86
	F4	5	1	–	–	–	4	–	73.52
	F5	5	–	2	2	–	1	–	28.84
Total		25	1	4	6	6	7	1	52.33	7.23
aA, basal feed; B, basal feed + crystalline l-lysine HCl (2 g/kg feed); C, basal feed + crystalline l-lysine HCl (3 g/kg feed); D, basal feed + fermentation broth equivalent to 2 g lysine /kg feed; E, basal feed ingredients + fermentation broth equivalent to 3 g lysine /kg feed.