Effects of fermentation products of Cordyceps militaris on growth performance and bone mineralization of broiler chicks

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient composition of the control diet.

	Day 1–21	Day 22–42
Ingredients (%)
Corn	57.20	62.31
Soybean meal	32.00	28.00
Soybean oil	2.68	3.51
Soybean protein powder	3.89	2.61
Limestone	1.37	1.46
Dicalcium phosphate	1.95	1.36
L-Lysine·HCl	0.14	0.14
DL-Methionine	0.14	0.08
Trace mineral premix^a	0.10	0.10
Vitamin premix^b	0.03	0.03
Choline chloride	0.20	0.10
Salt	0.30	0.30
Nutrient composition
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)	2976	3073
Analysed crude protein (%)	21.48	19.10
Analysed calcium (%)	1.01	0.92
Analysed total phosphorus (%)	0.65	0.57
Non-phytate phosphorus (%)	0.45	0.35

^a The trace mineral premix provided the following (per kg of diet): 100 mg iron; 100 mg zinc; 8 mg copper; 120 mg manganese; 0.7 mg iodine; and 0.3 mg selenium.

^b The vitamin premix provided the following (per kg of diet): 8000 IU vitamin A; 1000 IU vitamin D₃; 20 IU vitamin E; 0.5 mg menadione; 2.0 mg thiamine; 8.0 mg riboflavin; 35 mg niacin; 3.5 mg pyridoxine; 0.01 mg vitamin B₁₂; 10.0 mg pantothenic acid; 0.55 mg folic acid; and 0.18 mg biotin.

Table 2. Effects of FPCM on growth performance of broiler chicks.

	FPCM (g/kg)					P value
Item	0	1	2	4	SEM	Linear	Quadratic
BWG (g/chick)
Day 1–21	633	645	660	652	4	0.028	0.185
Day 22–42	1472^b	1528^a	1489^ab	1516^ab	8	0.147	0.297
Day 1–42	2105^b	2173^a	2149^ab	2168^a	9	0.023	0.125
FI (g/chick)
Day 1–21	1101	1092	1103	1071	7	0.203	0.386
Day 22–42	3004^b	3083^ab	3022^b	3187^a	22	0.005	0.220
Day 1–42	4105^b	4175^ab	4125^b	4258^a	19	0.007	0.300
FE (FI/BWG)
Day 1–21	1.74	1.69	1.67	1.64	0.01	0.018	0.789
Day 22–42	2.04^ab	2.02^b	2.03^b	2.10^a	0.01	0.057	0.034
Day 1–42	1.95	1.92	1.92	1.96	0.01	0.603	0.046
Mortality (%)
Day 1–21	5.0	1.7	3.3	0	0.9	0.104	1.000
Day 22–42	0	0	0	3.3	0.6	0.047	0.130
Day 1–42	5.0	1.7	3.3	3.3	1.2	0.761	0.498

Note: Data are means of six replicate cages consisting of 10 broilers per replicate cage. Means in the same row without common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).

SEM, pooled standard error of the mean.

Table 3. Effects of FPCM on tibia mineralization of broiler chicks.

	FPCM (g/kg)					P value
Item	0	1	2	4	SEM	Linear	Quadratic
Breaking-strength (N)
Day 21	115.59	92.53	94.77	112.23	4.04	0.814	0.012
Day 42	302.85^ab	368.19^a	367.21^ab	274.10^b	13.96	0.421	0.003
Weight (g)
Day 21	1.43^ab	1.32^b	1.37^ab	1.53^a	0.03	0.115	0.012
Day 42	4.85	5.40	4.80	5.41	0.13	0.350	0.911
Length (cm)
Day 21	6.28	6.22	6.25	6.39	0.03	0.192	0.121
Day 42	9.34	9.75	9.52	9.69	0.07	0.154	0.364
Width (cm)
Day 21	0.52^ab	0.48^b	0.51^ab	0.54^a	0.01	0.160	0.012
Day 42	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.71	0.02	0.662	0.605
Ash (g)
Day 21	0.80	0.72	0.76	0.84	0.02	0.198	0.019
Day 42	2.33	2.66	2.54	2.43	0.07	0.729	0.109
Ash (%)
Day 21	55.74	54.93	55.74	55.01	0.22	0.487	0.931
Day 42	49.47^a	49.52^a	52.67^a	45.02^b	0.71	0.020	<0.001
Ca (%)
Day 21	18.12^b	18.19^b	19.67^a	19.62^a	0.20	<0.001	0.822
Day 42	17.83^b	17.89^ab	19.38^a	16.53^b	0.28	0.174	0.001
P (%)
Day 21	10.01^a	9.84^a	9.79^ab	9.34^b	0.08	<0.001	0.267
Day 42	8.35^ab	8.80^ab	9.18^a	7.91^b	0.15	0.408	0.003

Note: Data are means of six replicate cages consisting of one broiler per replicate. Means in the same row without common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05).

SEM, pooled standard error of the mean.

Table 4. Effects of FPCM on serum biochemical parameters and Newcastle disease antibody titres (NDAT) of broiler chicks.

	FPCM (g/kg)					P value
Item	0	1	2	4	SEM	Linear	Quadratic
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)
Day 21	6.35	6.04	5.05	5.74	0.38	0.425	0.526
Day 42	4.57	4.73	4.73	4.68	0.13	0.778	0.696
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)
Day 21	250.92	263.88	266.83	276.32	9.13	0.366	0.928
Day 42	447.62	525.32	472.55	377.20	24.84	0.230	0.084
Creatinine (µmol/L)
Day 21	4.74	4.48	3.20	3.93	0.35	0.251	0.486
Day 42	3.80	4.37	3.75	2.37	0.28	0.040	0.065
Glucose (mmol/L)
Day 21	11.52	9.69	10.53	10.58	0.51	0.682	0.381
Day 42	8.89	8.34	9.51	9.25	0.23	0.273	0.742
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
Day 21	3.70	3.35	3.57	3.26	0.09	0.199	0.915
Day 42	3.14	2.68	3.10	3.07	0.09	0.809	0.225
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Day 21	0.59	0.60	0.62	0.55	0.02	0.582	0.421
Day 42	0.32	0.29	0.35	0.34	0.01	0.234	0.525
NDAT (log2)
Day 21	4.83	4.50	4.17	3.83	0.25	0.164	1.000
Day 42	5.00	5.83	6.00	5.83	0.24	0.229	0.310

Note: Data are means of six replicate cages consisting of one broiler per replicate.

SEM, pooled standard error of the mean.