On oxidation resistance and meat quality of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient levels of the basal diets.

Ingredients (%)	0–21 days	21–42 days
Corn	60.6	64.43
Soybean meal	31	27
Fish meal	2.2	1.5
Limestone	1.38	1
Dicalcium phosphate	1.1	1.1
Salt	0.16	0.20
L-Lysine	0.16	0.14
Methionine	0.16	0.1
L-Threonine	0.04	0.03
Soybean oil	1.7	3
Premix^a	1.5	1.5
Nutrient level
ME kcal/kg)	2900	3030
CP (%)	21	19
Ca (%)	1.07	0.91
TP (%)	0.63	0.58
AP (%)	0.42	0.39
Lys (%)	1.17	1.03
Met (%)	0.50	0.42
Met+ Cys (%)	0.84	0.72
Thr (%)	0.83	0.74

^aProvided per kilogram of diet: retinyl acetate, 2970 μg; cholecalciferol, 75 μg; dl-α-Tocopherol Acetate, 10 mg; menadione, 2 mg; vitamin B12, 0.04 mg; folic acid, 1.96 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 15.64 mg; riboflavin 8, mg; niacin, 39.2 mg; thiamin, 2.76 mg; d-biotin, 0.3 mg; pyridoxine, 4.9 mg; Cu, 10 mg; Fe, 72 mg; Zn, 89.7 mg; Mn, 101.76 mg; Se, 0.15 mg; I, 0.31 mg.

Table 2. Effects of preslaughter immunological stress on growth performance of broilers from 39 to 42 days.

LPS (mg /kg BW)	Average daily feed intake (g)	Average daily gain (g)	Feed:gain
0	151.67 ± 5.76^a	58.33 ± 2.64^A	2.59 ± 0.02^C
3	115.21 ± 5.14^b	32.92 ± 1.64^B	3.50 ± 0.02^B
6	110.21 ± 7.01^b	29.17 ± 2.36^B	3.78 ± 0.07^A

^a–bMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ significantly (P < 0.050);

^A–CMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ significantly (P < 0.001).

Table 3. Effect of preslaughter immunological stress on the slaughter parameters of broilers.

	LPS (mg/kg BW)
Items (%)	0	3	6
Dressing percentage	85.36 ± 2.35	85.22 ± 0.69	85.07 ± 0.55
Eviscerated percentage	77.13 ± 0.58	76.92 ± 1.61	76.86 ± 0.70
Semi-eviscerated percentage	89.61 ± 1.04	89.39 ± 0.97	89.21 ± 0.76
Breast muscle percentage	22.48 ± 1.93	22.37 ± 1.74	22.31 ± 1.09
Leg muscle percentage	18.83 ± 1.08	18.71 ± 0.84	18.57 ± 0.87
Abdominal fat percentage	2.67 ± 0.80	2.46 ± 0.54	2.16 ± 0.65

Table 4. Effect of preslaughter immunological stress on breast muscle colour of broilers.

		LPS (mg/kg BW)
Items		0	3	6
1st day	L*	46.11 ± 5.65	49.17 ± 4.31	45.27 ± 8.57
	a*	14.90 ± 1.18	10.78 ± 2.58	16.45 ± 6.13
	b*	23.15 ± 6.25	20.29 ± 1.67	22.69 ± 3.87
3rd day	L*	53.05 ± 2.08	55.01 ± 3.99	54.48 ± 4.83
	a*	14.91 ± 1.90	14.25 ± 1.51	13.58 ± 2.27
	b*	23.64 ± 2.07^b	24.56 ± 2.76^ab	26.50 ± 1.68^a
6th day	L*	50.30 ± 3.03^b	52.61 ± 3.35^ab	54.78 ±4.38^a
	a*	8.76 ± 5.34	7.98 ± 2.06	6.94 ± 2.91
	b*	20.33 ± 3.06	21.31 ± 1.05	22.00 ± 2.14

^a–bMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Effect of preslaughter immunological stress on breast muscle pH, shear force and WHC of broilers.

LPS (mg/kg BW)	pH		Shear force (N)	Water-holding capacity(%)
	45 min	24 h
0	6.80 ± 0.26	6.06 ± 0.10^A	6.99 ± 1.75	94.45 ± 0.83^B
3	6.74 ± 0.14	5.91 ± 0.13^B	7.67 ± 1.91	92.16 ± 1.42^A
6	6.67 ± 0.21	5.85 ± 0.11^B	7.79 ± 1.31	91.87 ± 1.00^A

^A–BMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ very significantly (P<0.001).

Table 6. Effect of preslaughter immunological stress on thigh muscle colour of broilers.

Items		LPS (mg/kg BW)
		0	3	6
1 st day	L*	41.09 ± 9.07	44.65 ± 2.41	46.33 ± 3.85
	a*	17.38 ± 2.67	19.56 ± 5.09	19.99 ± 3.90
	b*	28.69 ± 4.35	21.19 ± 3.12	23.27 ± 4.86
3rd day	L*	48.27 ± 2.88	49.79 ± 1.92	48.36 ± 3.89
	a*	15.29 ± 1.18	17.01 ± 2.42	17.05 ± 1.86
	b*	19.68 ± 2.20^b	26.01 ± 5.84^a	26.36 ± 4.00^a
6th day	L*	47.49 ± 2.95	48.49 ± 3.18	49.32 ± 3.26
	a*	13.79 ± 4.24	16.42 ± 2.98	14.68 ± 2.40
	b*	18.15 ± 2.69	19.17 ± 1.75	18.39 ± 2.89

^a–bMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Table 7. Effect of preslaughter immunological stress on thigh muscle pH, shear force and WHC of broilers.

LPS (mg/kg BW)	pH		Shear force (N)	Water-holding capacity (%)
	45 min	24 h
0	6.72 ± 0.14^A	6.46 ± 0.11^A	14.13 ± 2.51	93.25 ± 2.66
3	6.38 ± 0.27^B	6.29 ± 0.15^B	15.38 ± 2.27	91.75 ± 2.67
6	6.35 ± 0.11^B	6.21 ± 0.09^B	16.21 ± 2.65	90.87 ± 2.75

^A–BMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ very significantly (P < 0.001).

Table 8. Effect of preslaughter immunological stress on plasma antioxidation and muscle lipid peroxidation level of broilers.

Items		LPS (mg/kg BW)
		0	3	6
Plasma	MDA (nmol/ml)	1.71 ± 0.59^b	2.15 ± 0.35^a	2.63 ± 0.56^a
	GSH-Px (U/ml)	1449.64 ± 65.54	1352.14 ± 74.13	1340.89 ± 68.36
	T-AOC (U/ml)	16.56 ± 1.50^A	12.04 ± 2.84^B	12.49 ± 1.84^B
Thigh muscle MDA (nmol/mg prot.)	1st day	2.34 ± 0.64^b	2.49 ± 0.23^a	2.96 ± 0.29^a
	3rd day	3.62 ± 1.52	3.74 ± 1.93	3.65 ± 2.16
	6th day	7.21 ± 0.76	7.61 ± 1.42	8.14 ± 1.79
Breast muscle MDA (nmol/mg prot.)	1st day	1.62 ± 0.23^B	2.21 ± 0.38^A	2.62 ± 0.62^A
	3rd day	3.16 ± 1.01^B	5.77 ± 0.93^A	5.93 ± 1.56^A
	6th day	6.43 ± 0.51^B	7.83 ± 0.78^A	8.39 ± 0.90^A

^a–bMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ significantly (P < 0.05);

^A–BMeans with difference superscript letters in same row differ significantly (P < 0.001).