The effect of high nutrient on the growth performance, adipose deposition and gene expression of lipid metabolism in the neonatal intrauterine growth-retarded piglets

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and NL of basal diet (87.5% DM basis, %).

Ingredients	%
Whole milk powder (24% CP)	58.00
Whey protein concentrate (34% CP)	25.00
Casein	5.70
Coconut oil	10.00
CaH2PO4	0.10
Choline chloride (50%)	0.10
Vitamin premix^a	0.10
Mineral premix^b	0.50
L-Arg (98.5%)	0.06
DL-Met (98.5%)	0.06
L-Lys·HCl (78.5%)	0.30
L-Thr (98%)	0.03
L-Trp (98%)	0.05
Total	100.00
Nutrient content^c
Digestible energy (MJ/kg)	18.39
Crude protein (%)	25.30
Calcium (%)	1.02
Total phosphorus (%)	0.81
Available phosphorus (%)	0.67
Digestible Lys (%)	1.93
Digestible Met (%)	0.63
Digestible Arg (%)	0.86

^aVitamin premix provided per kg powder diet: vitamin A, 0.94 mg; vitamin D₃, 0.01 mg; vitamin E, 20 mg; vitamin K₃, 1 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 0.04 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; niacin, 20 mg; pantothenic acid, 15 mg; folic acid, 1.5 mg; thiamin, 1.5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg.

^bMineral premix provided per kg powder diet: Zn 90 mg; Mn 4.0 mg; Fe 90 mg; Cu 6.0 mg; I 0.2 mg; Se 0.3 mg.

^cThe NLs of diet are calculated values.

Table 2. Primer sequences used for real-time RT-PCR.

Gene names	Primer sequence (5′-3′)	Product length (bp)	Annealing temperature (°C)
β-actin	F:TCTGGCACCACACCTTCT	132	60
	R:TGATCTGGGTCATCTTCTCAC
CPT-1	F:CCACTATGACCCGGAAGACG	111	60
	R:TTGAACGCGATGAGGGTGAA
H-FABP	F:CTCTTTCTCAGCCTAGCCCA	151	60
	R:TGTGGTAGGCTTGGTCATGTT
PGC-1α	F:GTCCTTCCTCCATGCCTGAC	145	60
	R:TGGTTTGCATGGTTCTGGGT
SREBP-1c	F:GCGACGGTGCCTCTGGTAGT	110	60
	R:CGCAAGACGGCGGATTTA
C/EBPα	F:CACGGTGCGTCTAAGATGAGG	218	60
	R:TCGGAGCGGTGAGTTTGC

Table 3. Effects of NL on the growth performance of intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) and normal birth weight (NBW) neonate piglets.

Items	NN		HN		P-value
	IUGR	NBW	IUGR	NBW	BW	NL	BW × NL
Birth weight (kg)	0.91 ± 0.07^a	1.49 ± 0.06^b	0.89 ± 0.02^a	1.59 ± 0.11^c	.187	<.001	.079
Initial weight (kg)	1.84 ± 0.09^a	2.80 ± 0.16^b	1.86 ± 0.13^a	2.85 ± 0.10^b	<.001	.556	.828
Final weight (kg)	5.52 ± 0.45^a	7.39 ± 0.26^b	6.76 ± 0.18^b	8.85 ± 0.70^c	<.001	<.001	.608
ADG (g)
Days 0–7	111 ± 15^a	136 ± 43^a	160 ± 28^a	241 ± 85^b	.042	.006	.257
Days 7–14	167 ± 23	192 ± 69	222 ± 52	251 ± 82	.357	.066	.955
Days 14–21	249 ± 60^a	327 ± 81^ab	316 ± 26^ab	365 ± 55^b	.047	.087	.606
Days 0–21	175 ± 24^a	218 ± 13^b	233 ± 12^b	286 ± 29^c	<.001	<.001	.645
ADMI (g)
Days 0–7	108 ± 27^a	142 ± 16^b	151 ± 19^b	218 ± 10^c	<.001	<.001	.111
Days 7–14	118 ± 11^a	155 ± 22^ab	191 ± 59^b	243 ± 27^c	.017	<.001	.664
Days 14–21	206 ± 21^a	261 ± 10^ab	315 ± 49^b	406 ± 69^c	.004	<.001	.414
Days 0–21	144 ± 19^a	186 ± 14^b	219 ± 24^c	289 ± 27^d	<.001	<.001	.206
FCR
Days 0–7	0.98 ± 0.21	1.11 ± 0.29	0.97 ± 0.25	1.06 ± 0.57	.537	.871	.882
Days 7–14	0.72 ± 0.10	0.92 ± 0.47	0.86 ± 0.15	1.06 ± 0.39	.209	.361	.991
Days 14–21	0.86 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.24	1.00 ± 0.23	1.14 ± 0.28	.638	.085	.520
Days 0–21	0.82 ± 0.06^a	0.86 ± 0.11^ab	0.95 ± 0.14^ab	1.02 ± 0.17^b	.371	.031	.718

Notes: FCR was calculated by dividing the ADMI by its corresponding ADG. Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters (a–d) were significantly different (P < .05).

NN, normal nutrient; HN, high nutrient; NL, nutrient level; BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; ADMI, average daily DM intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; NBW, normal birth weight.

Table 4. Effects of NL on the leaf fat index and the content of IMF in longissimus dorsi of IUGR and NBW neonate piglets.

Items	NN		HN		P-value
	IUGR	NBW	IUGR	NBW	BW	NL	BW × NL
LF weight/BW (g/kg)	1.20 ± 0.26^a	1.67 ± 0.13^bc	1.32 ± 0.35^ab	2.01 ± 0.21^c	.001	.112	.392
IMF (%)	0.28 ± 0.06^a	0.31 ± 0.06^ac	0.42 ± 0.14^bc	0.44 ± 0.04^c	.624	.010	.874

Note: Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters (a–c) were significantly different (P < .05).

LF, leaf fat; IMF, intramuscular fat; NN, normal nutrient; HN, high nutrient; NL, nutrient level; BW, body weight; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; NBW, normal birth weight.

Table 5. The effects of NL on hormone level of intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) and normal birth weight (NBW) neonate piglets.

Items	NN		HN		P-value
	IUGR	NBW	IUGR	NBW	BW	NL	BW × NL
IGF-I (μg/L)	201.53 ± 20.7^a	220.01 ± 19.61^a	246.57 ± 21.70^bc	222.95 ± 1.89^ac	.780	.018	.034
Adiponectin (μg/L)	980.85 ± 156.17^a	883.04 ± 154.18^ac	708.11 ± 81.05^bc	741.62 ± 80.29^b	.613	.006	.309
Insulin (mIU/L)	36.55 ± 7.87^a	43.15 ± 4.01^ac	44.69 ± 3.04^bc	43.94 ± 3.41^ac	.263	.098	.165
Leptin (μg/L)	6.82 ± 0.89^a	5.72 ± 0.86^a	9.51 ± 0.70^b	7.11 ± 0.73^a	.004	.002	.184

Note: Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters (a–c) were significantly different (P < .05).

IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; NN, normal nutrient; HN, high nutrient; NL, nutrient level; BW, body weight; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; NBW, normal birth weight.

Table 6. Effects of NL on the expression of lipid gene in the longissimus dorsi, abdominal fat and liver of intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) and normal birth weight (NBW) neonate piglets.

Items	NN		HN		P-value
	IUGR	NBW	IUGR	NBW	BW	NL	BW × NL
Longissimus dorsi
PGC-1α	0.68 ± 0.11^a	1.0 ± 0.16^b	0.79 ± 0.12^ab	1.32 ± 0.19^c	<.001	.007	.148
CPT-1	1.21 ± 0.24^ab	1.0 ± 0.23^a	1.32 ± 0.26^ab	1.49 ± 0.08^b	.835	.019	.104
C/EBPα	0.86 ± 0.24^a	1.0 ± 0.25^ac	1.56 ± 0.48^bc	1.54 ± 0.27^b	.782	.012	.694
H-FABP	1.16 ± 0.26^a	1.0 ± 0.07^a	0.99 ± 0.36^a	1.64 ± 0.31^b	.103	.078	.008
SREBP-1c	0.81 ± 0.10^a	1.0 ± 0.13^a	0.99 ± 0.28^a	2.07 ± 0.18^b	.001	.001	.001
Abdominal fat
PGC-1α	1.03 ± 0. 37	1.0 ± 0.32	1.14 ± 0.40	1.18 ± 0.41	.983	.451	.847
CPT-1	0.99 ± 0.21^a	1.0 ± 0.06^a	0.69 ± 0.22^bc	0.74 ± 0.10^ac	.676	.001	.862
C/EBPα	0.79 ± 0.44^a	1.0 ± 0.24^ac	0.97 ± 0.31^bc	1.41 ± 0.67^a	.176	.214	.636
H-FABP	1.34 ± 0.28	1.0 ± 0.33	1.46 ± 0.28	1.50 ± 0.61	.498	.179	.397
SREBP-1c	0.66 ± 0.12	1.0 ± 0.09	0.91 ± 0.29	0.98 ± 0.21	.116	.234	.236
Liver
PGC-1α	0.94 ± 0.34^a	1.0 ± 0.03^ac	1.54 ± 0.37^bc	1.55 ± 0.46^bc	.873	.011	.922
CPT-1	1.36 ± 0.13^a	1.0 ± 0.09^b	1.13 ± 0.35^ab	1.18 ± 0.18^ab	.178	.833	.098
C/EBPα	0.75 ± 0.04	1.0 ± 0.21	0.92 ± 0.22	0.98 ± 0.11	.086	.361	.268
H-FABP	1.07 ± 0.01	1.0 ± 0.12	1.10 ± 0.47	1.10 ± 0.20	.795	.640	.786
SREBP-1c	1.04 ± 0.21^ab	1.0 ± 0.24^ab	0.78 ± 0.04^a	1.27 ± 0.30^b	.069	.961	.035

Note: Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters (a–c) were significantly different (P < .05).

CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1; C/EBPα, ccat/enhancer-binding protein; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α, H-FABP, heart fatty-acid-binding protein; NN, normal nutrient; HN, high nutrient; NL, nutrient level; BW, body weight; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; NBW, normal birth weight.