The effects of dietary bee pollen on lipid peroxidation and fatty acids composition of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meat under different stocking densities

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient composition and chemical composition of the experimental diets (g/kg).

Ingredients	Starter	Finisher
Maize	539.8	621.3
Soybean meal (%48)	266.3	–
Full fat soybean	124.8	276.5
Poultry meal	25	60
Soybean oil	9.4	14.3
Limestone	11.9	2.9
Bone meal	–	16.5
Dicalcium phosphate	11.9	–
Salt	3	2.1
DL-methionin	2.8	1.3
Vitamin–mineral premix^a	3.5	3.5
Lysine	1.6	1.6
Calculated content
ME, kcal/kg^c	3300	3030
Dry matter, %^b	89.40	90.50
Crude protein (CP), %^b	23.62	19.25
Aether extract, %^b	6.1	8.9
Ash, %^b	5.1	4.3
Crude cellulose, %^b	5.6	5.0
Calcium^c	10	10.2
Total phosphorus^c	5.5	5.6

^aVitamin–mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: retinol, 4,5 mg; cholecalciferol 0.125 mg; Alpha-tocopherol, 100 mg; menadione, 4 mg; thiamine, 3 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; niacin, 60 mg; pyridoxine, 5 mg; Ca-Dpantothenate, 18 mg; folic acid, 2 mg; D-biotin, 0.20 mg; Mn, 100 mg; Zn, 80 mg; Fe, 80 mg; Cu, 8 mg; Co, 8mg; Se, 0.3 mg; Iodine, 1 mg, Mo,1 mg; choline chloride, 500 mg.

^bAnalysed (AOAC, 1995).

^cBased on NRC (1994) feed composition tables.

Table 2. Fatty acid profiles of diet and feed additives (% fatty acids).

	Starter	Finisher	Pollen
SFA	22.58	21.94	33.88
MUFA	30.54	21.93	13.48
PUFA	46.36	55.81	52.38

Note: SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid

Table 3. The fatty acid composition of pollen (% fatty acids).

Lipid numbers	Name	(%)
C12:0	Lauric acid	1.00
C14:0	Myristic acid	2.86
C16:0	Palmitic acid	23.98
C18:0	Stearic acid	3.57
C22:0	Behenic acid	2.47
	ΣSFA	33.88
C161n7	Palmitoleic acid	1.28
C181n9	Oleic acid	8.42
C201n9	Eeicosenoic acid	0.89
C221n9	Erucic acid	2.89
	ΣMUFA	13.48
C182n6c	Linoleic acid	18.93
C182n6t	Linoleic acid	0.32
C183n6	Gamma linolenic acid	1.09
C183n3	Alfa-linolenic acid	31.53
C202n6	Eicosadienoic acid	0.16
C205n3	Eicosapentaenoic acid	0.35
	ΣPUFA	52.38

Table 4. Effects of bee pollen on MDA (µg/ml homojenat) and CAT (kat/hHb) activities.

	Control	Stocking density (HSD)	Pollen (POL)	P
MDA	2.66 ± 0.38^c	4.43 ± 0.56^a	3.38 ± 0.35^b	**
CAT	4.12 ± 0.68^a	2.60 ± 0.52^b	3.46 ± 0.54^a	**

^a,b,cMean values with different superscripts within a row differ significantly.

**P < .01.

Table 5. Effects of bee pollen on fatty acid profile of muscle and inner organ tissues under HSD conditions in Japanese quails (% fatty acids).

Characteristics (%)	Control	Stocking density (HSD)	Pollen (POL)	P (Statistical significance)
Breast muscle (M. pectoralisprofundus)
PUFA	46.56 ± 0.62^ab	42.95 ± 0.90^b	49.46 ± 0.35^a	***
MUFA	21.02 ± 1.10^b	26.07 ± 1.09^a	8.95 ± 1.28^b	**
SFA	31.61 ± 0.71	30.03 ± 0.44	30.88 ± 0.98	–
N3-PUFA	8.38 ± 0.51	8.81 ± 0.32	8.58 ± 0.49	–
N6-PUFA	38.18 ± 0.52^b	34.09 ± 0.65^c	40.87 ± 0.38^a	***
Leg muscle (M. gastrocnemius)
PUFA	46.51 ± 1.68^a	44.21 ± 1.05^b	45.24 ± 3.72^ab	*
MUFA	24.96 ± 1.85	24.12 ± 1.28	24.15 ± 4.52	–
SFA	28.14 ± 1.38^b	31.04 ± 1.06^a	30.58 ± 1.32^a	**
N3-PUFA	6.70 ± 0.68	6.51 ± 0.34	6.29 ± 0.57	–
N6-PUFA	39.80 ± 2.48	37.70 ± 0.87	38.95 ± 2.15	–
Liver
PUFA	40.00 ± 2.71^ab	35.08 ± 4.00^b	47.39 ± 1.61^a	**
MUFA	26.93 ± 2.20^a	31.97 ± 3.67^a	20.78 ± 1.41^b	*
SFA	30.66 ± 1.13	31.60 ± 1.26	31.79 ± 1.45	–
N3-PUFA	4.79 ± 0.78	5.23 ± 0.82	6.85 ± 1.74	–
N6-PUFA	35.21 ± 2.91^a	29.84 ± 3.19^b	40.54 ± 1.20^a	**
Kidney
PUFA	43.14 ± 0.82^a	34.11 ± 2.32^b	45.57 ± 1.02^a	***
MUFA	17.40 ± 1.32	19.82 ± 1.83	15.17 ± 1.27	–
SFA	36.93 ± 1.25^b	43.74 ± 3.0^a	35.27 ± 0.94^b	*
N3-PUFA	1.73 ± 0.29	1.41 ± 0.48	1.43 ± 0.56

^a,b,cMean values with different superscripts with in a row differ significantly.

*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.

AOAC. 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Arlington: Association of Official 252 Analytical Chemists. 4.1–4.17.

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NRC. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 1994. 9th Rev ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

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