In vitro antioxidant capability and performance assessment of White Roman goose supplemented with dried Toona sinensis

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and nutrient compositions of the experimental diet.

Ingredient	Control	A group	B group
	-------------------%-----------------
Yellow corn	64.25	64.15	64.05
Soybean meal (44%)	21.5	21.5	21.5
Wheat bran	5	5	5
Cane molasses	3	3	3
Salt	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dicalcium Phosphate	0.8	0.8	0.8
Limestone, pulverized	1.60	1.60	1.60
Choline Chloride, 50%	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dried power of TS	–	0.1	0.2
DL-Methionine	0.20	0.20	0.20
Rice bran	3	3	3
Vitamin premix^a	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mineral premix^b	0.15	0.15	0.15
Total	100	100	100
Calculated values
CP, %	15.5	15.5	15.5
Metabolizable Energy, kcal/kg	2800	2800	2800
Calcium, %	0.73	0.73	0.73
Phosphorus, %	0.64	0.64	0.64
Lysine, %	0.81	0.81	0.81
Methionine, %	0.47	0.47	0.47
Cystine, %	0.27	0.27	0.27
Tryptophan, %	0.20	0.20	0.20

^aDiets contained per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 8000 international unit (IU); vitamin D, 1500 IU; riboflavin, 4 mg; cobalamin, 10 μg; vitamin E, 15 mg; vitamin K, 2 mg; choline, 500 mg; niacin, 25 mg.

^bDiets contained per kilogram of diet: manganese, 60 mg; zinc, 50 mg; iron, 50 mg/kg; copper, 3 mg/kg and selenium, 0.26 mg/kg.

Table 2. Analysis of the active ingredients of TS.

Ingredients	Total phenolics (mg GAE/g DW)	Flavonoid (mg QE/g DW)
TS	22.23 ± 1.13	1.38 ± 0.06

Notes: The value is expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 5). DW, dry weight; GAE, gallic acid equivalent; and QE, quercetin equivalent.

Figure 1. The DPPH free radicals scavenging activity of TS and BHT (a); The superoxide anion radicals scavenging activity of TS and ascorbic acid (b). Each value represent Mean ± SD (n = 5).

Figure 2. Liposome oxidation assay of TS and BHT. Each value represent Mean ± SD (n = 5).

Table 3. Effect of TS on growth performance in grower geese at 7–12 weeks.¹

Item	Treatment				Sex			T^4	S	T × S
	0%	0.1%	0.2%	SEM^2	Male	Female	SEM^3
BW, kg/ bird
Initial (6th week)	2.78	2.84	2.78	0.06	2.91^a	2.69^b	0.05	0.704	0.003	0.631
12 week	4.67	4.76	4.61	0.08	4.96^a	4.39^b	0.07	0.465	0.001	0.834
BW gain, kg/bird
7–12 week	1.89	1.92	1.83	0.06	2.05^a	1.70^b	0.05	0.752	0.001	0.489
Feed consumption, kg feed/bird
7–12 week	12.0	12.2	12.0	0.21	–	–	–	0.925	–	–
					–	–	–		–	–
Feed conversion ratio, kg feed /kg gain
7–12 week	6.43	6.36	6.58	0.26	–	–	–	0.898	–	–

Notes: Means within the same rows in the same time but without the same superscript are significantly different (p < .05).

¹Results are given as the means of 2 pens for 18 geese each pen.

²SEM = standard error of the TS treatment mean.

³SEM = standard error of the sex treatment mean.

⁴T: Toona sinensis treatment. S: sex treatment. T × S: Toona sinensis × sex interaction.

Table 4. Effect of TS on blood biochemical parameter in grower geese at week 12.^a

Item	Treatment				Sex			T^d	S	T × S
	0%	0.1%	0.2%	SEM^b	Male	Female	SEM^c
WBC, 10^3/μL	270	268	276	3.20	272	271	2.61	0.223	0.587	0.558
RBC, 10^6/μL	2.09	2.04	2.03	0.05	2.10	2.01	0.04	0.621	0.130	0.605
HB, g/dl	11.5	11.4	11.1	0.17	11.5	11.2	0.14	0.320	0.109	0.157
HT,%	34.5	34.3	33.4	0.62	34.6	33.5	0.51	0.431	0.129	0.244
MCV, fl	165	168	165	1.33	165	167	1.09	0.319	0.423	0.393
MCH, pg	55.2	56.0	54.9	0.70	55.0	55.8	0.58	0.542	0.322	0.564
MCHC, g/dl	33.4	33.4	33.3	0.28	33.2	33.5	0.23	0.967	0.457	0.85
PLT, 10^3/μL	3.08	2.58	2.42	0.87	2.06	3.33	0.71	0.859	0.230	0.859
GLU, mg/dl	82.5	85.1	82.3	1.90	83.5	83.11	1.55	0.538	0.865	0.198
BUN,mg/dl	4.17	4.25	4.17	0.16	4.11	4.28	0.13	0.920	0.404	0.225
CREA, mg/dl	0.26	0.25	0.27	0.02	0.25	0.26	0.01	0.833	0.688	0.161
UA, mg/dl	3.01	2.69	3.61	0.36	2.89	3.32	0.29	0.245	0.330	0.787
GOT, U/L	26.3	25.9	28.3	2.78	24.4	29.3	2.27	0.825	0.161	0.711
GPT, U/L	14.8	13.6	13.9	1.04	12.8	15.3	0.85	0.720	0.058	0.382
TP, g/dL	5.52	5.51	5.38	0.13	5.48	5.46	0.11	0.742	0.914	0.362
ALB, g/dL	2.63	2.65	2.64	0.04	2.63	2.65	0.04	0.965	0.753	0.524
GLO, g/dL	2.88	2.86	2.74	0.09	2.84	2.81	0.08	0.568	0.769	0.359
A/G	0.92	0.93	0.97	0.02	0.93	0.95	0.02	0.281	0.471	0.532
TG, mg/dL	185	197	200	7.11	197	191	5.80	0.345	0.519	0.629
TC, mg/dl	174	162	185	11.9	172	175	9.72	0.441	0.846	0.835
HDL, mg/dl	87.5	95.2	91.3	3.54	93.2	89.5	2.89	0.333	0.395	0.994
LDL, mg/dl	73.8	81.8	83.7	4.91	80.9	78.6	4.01	0.354	0.687	0.501
IgG, mg/d	121	120	121	1.51	120	121	1.23	0.847	0.903	0.821

Notes: WBC, white blood cell; RBC, erythrocyte; HB, haemoglobin; HT, hematocrit; MCV, HT/RBC; MCH, HB/RBC; MCHC, HB/HT; PLT, platelet; GLU, glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CREA, creatinine; UA, uric acid; GOT, glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamyl pyrubic transaminase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; GLO, globulin; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipid; LDL, low density lipid; and IgG, immunoglobulin G.

^aResults are given as the means of 2 pens for 18 geese each pen.

^bSEM = standard error of the TS treatment mean.

^cSEM = standard error of the sex treatment mean.

^dT, Toona sinensis treatment; S, sex treatment; and T × S, Toona sinensis × sex interaction.

Table 5. Effect of TS on serum antioxidant enzyme activities in grower geese at week 12.¹

Item	Treatment				Sex			T^4	S	T × S
	0%	0.1%	0.2%	SEM^2	Male	Female	SEM^3
SOD^5 (U/ml)	29.6^b	31.1^ab	33.9^a	1.06	31.8	31.5	0.85	0.027	0.810	0.117
TEAC^5 (U/ml)	21.8	22.6	22.8	0.36	22.3	22.5	0.31	0.204	0.751	0.224

Notes: Means within the same rows in the same time but without the same superscript are significantly different (p < .05).

¹Results are given as the means of 2 pens for 6 geese each pen.

²SEM = standard error of the TS treatment mean.

³SEM = standard error of the sex treatment mean.

⁴T: Toona sinensis treatment. S: sex treatment. T × S: Toona sinensis × sex interaction.

⁵SOD and TEAC represent the superoxide dismutase and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, respectively.

Figure 3. Effect of TS on muscle fiber in grower geese at week 12. (a) Control group (0%); (b) Control group (0%) (H&E stain, 100×); (c) 0.2% TS group (H&E stain, 100×).