Effect of functional traits on subsequent reproduction performance of Murrah buffaloes in India

Figures & data

Table 1. Least-squares ANOVA of reproduction performance traits in relation to calving abnormalities and uterine health problems.

Source of variation	df	Mean sum of squares
		CFS	SP	DP	CI	MY/CI
Effect of overall calving abnormalities
Overall	1	54,414.8**	73,568.4*	1,670,083.5**	70,172.3*	557.42**
Error		3171.5	12,943.3	13,098.4	13,671.0	3.95
Effect of abortion
Abortion	1	71,855.2**	41,158.5	1,983,537.7**	39,454.7	573.58**
Error		3160.5	12,963.2	12,890.1	13,691.4	3.94
Effect of premature birth
Premature birth	1	3.0	77,488.9*	10,293.0	66,102.0*	5.42
Error		3205.9	12,940.8	14,201.2	13,673.7	4.31
Effect of still birth
Still birth	1	3.7	272.4	85,092.9**	160.4	62.59**
Error		3205.9	12,988.4	14,151.5	13,717.5	4.28
Effect of dystocia
Dystocia	1	285.1	26,182.6	22,962.7	27,877.2	10.19
Error		3205.7	12,972.4	14,192.8	13,699.1	4.31
Effect of overall uterine health problems
Overall	1	22,739.5**	1,808,313.1**	1,395,547.4**	1,565,642.1**	283.10**
Error		3191.5	11,875.1	13,280.8	12,678.7	4.13
Effect of RFM
RFM	1	1863.6	3952.7	1,22,486.1**	2181.9	59.58**
Error		3204.7	12,986.1	14,126.7	13,716.1	4.28
Effect of endometritis
Endometritis	1	6312.3	22,677.5	1,42,559.1**	36,110.1	55.31**
Error		3201.9	12,974.6	14,113.3	13,693.6	4.28
Effect of metritis
Metritis	1	78,439.4**	3,122,164.5**	1,973,451.1**	2,668,365.0**	320.25**
Error		3156.3	11,066.0	12,896.8	11,946.9	4.11
Effect of pyometra
Pyometra	1	45,728.5**	1,95,021.8**	1,50,932.7**	1,46,385.0**	23.14*
Error		3177.0	12,868.5	14,107.8	13,620.4	4.30
Error DF		1583	1624	1503	1503	1503

Notes: *Significant (p < .05).

**Significant (p < .01).

Table 2. Least-squares means of reproduction performance traits (CFS and SP) in relation to various calving abnormalities and uterine health problems in Murrah buffaloes (affected vs. non-affected).

Effect	Status	CFS (days)			SP (days)
		No.	Mean	SE	N	Mean	SE
Calving abnormality	Non-affected	1487	89.83^a	1.46	1533	154.78^a	2.91
	Affected	98	114.15^b	5.69	93	183.74^b	11.80
Abortion	Non-affected	1513	89.86^a	1.45	1558	155.38	2.88
	Affected	72	122.19^b	6.63	68	180.51	13.81
Premature birth	Non-affected	1582	91.33	1.42	1623	156.14	2.82
	Affected	3	90.33	32.69	3	317.00	65.68
Still birth	Non-affected	1565	91.33	1.43	1606	156.39	2.84
	Affected	20	90.90	12.66	20	160.10	25.48
Dystocia	Non-affected	1577	91.36	1.43	1618	156.15	2.83
	Affected	8	85.38	20.02	8	213.50	40.27
Uterine health problems	Non-affected	813	87.64^a	1.98	845	124.37^a	3.75
	Affected	772	95.22^b	2.03	781	191.12^b	3.90
RFM	Non-affected	1398	90.93	1.51	1441	155.87	3.00
	Affected	187	94.29	4.14	185	160.78	8.38
Endometritis	Non-affected	1354	92.15	1.54	1398	154.92	3.05
	Affected	231	86.50	3.72	228	165.68	7.54
Metritis	Non-affected	991	85.88^a	1.78	1023	122.79^a	3.29
	Affected	594	100.42^b	2.31	603	213.51^b	4.28
Pyometra	Non-affected	1532	90.33^a	1.44	1571	154.38^a	2.86
	Affected	53	120.21^b	7.74	55	214.96^b	15.30

Note: Means with different superscript differ significantly in each effect.

Table 3. Least-squares means of various reproduction traits (DP, CI and MY/CI) in relation to calving abnormalities and uterine health problems in Murrah buffaloes (affected vs. non-affected).

Effect	Status	No.	DP (days)		CI (days)		MY/CI (kg/day)
			Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Calving abnormality	Non-affected	1431	159.25^a	3.02	465.81^a	3.09	4.91^a	0.05
	Affected	74	313.31^b	13.30	496.99^b	13.41	2.10^b	0.23
Abortion	Non-affected	1455	160.10^a	2.97	466.41	3.07	4.89^a	0.05
	Affected	50	362.66^b	16.06	494.44	16.23	1.48^b	0.28
Premature birth	Non-affected	1502	166.70	3.07	467.08^a	3.01	4.78	0.05
	Affected	3	225.33	68.80	615.67^b	67.51	3.43	1.20
Still birth	Non-affected	1486	165.97^a	3.08	467.34	3.03	4.80^a	0.05
	Affected	19	233.32^b	27.29	470.26	26.87	2.92^b	0.49
Dystocia	Non-affected	1497	166.53	3.08	467.06	3.02	4.78	0.05
	Affected	8	220.25	42.12	526.25	41.38	3.65	0.73
Uterine health problems	Non-affected	786	137.75^a	4.11	436.57^a	4.01	5.19^a	0.07
	Affected	719	198.68^b	4.30	501.05^b	4.19	4.32^b	0.08
RFM	Non-affected	1341	163.67^a	3.24	466.95	3.20	4.85^a	0.06
	Affected	164	192.62^b	9.28	470.78	9.06	4.21^b	0.16
Endometritis	Non-affected	1291	162.86^a	3.30	465.38	3.25	4.85^a	0.06
	Affected	214	190.72^b	8.12	479.38	7.98	4.31^b	0.14
Metritis	Non-affected	953	139.31^a	3.67	435.35^a	3.54	5.12^a	0.07
	Affected	552	214.42^b	4.83	522.59^b	4.64	4.17^b	0.09
Pyometra	Non-affected	1455	164.96^a	3.11	465.55^a	3.06	4.80^a	0.05
	Affected	50	220.84^b	16.80	520.58^b	16.50	4.11^b	0.29

Note: Means with different superscript differ significantly in each effect.

Table 4. Least-squares ANOVA of reproduction performance traits in relation to various fertility-related problems.

Source of variation	df	Mean sum of squares
		CFS	SP	DP	CI	MY/CI
Effect of overall fertility problems
Overall	1	466,224.4**	6,044,372.3**	1,943,757.4**	4,896,833.3**	225.21**
Error		2911.4	9266.7	12,916.5	10,468.2	4.17
Effect of anoestrus
Anoestrus	1	565,516.9**	4,550,394.8**	1,550,253.9**	3,502,641.8**	222.02**
Error		2848.6	10,186.6	13,178.0	11,393.3	4.17
Effect of true anoestrus
True anoestrus	1	482,614.1**	3,517,940.5**	1,025,779.4**	2,896,112.4**	91.12**
Error		2901.0	10,822.3	13,526.5	11,795.8	4.26
Effect of anoestrus PCL
Anoestrus PCL	1	311,190.2**	2,846,764.6**	1,106,484.2**	2,162,974.0**	143.77**
Error		3009.3	11,235.6	13,472.9	12,282.3	4.22
Effect of repeat breeding
Repeat breeding	1	2125.5	4,905,551.2**	1,676,189.7**	4,469,218.0**	47.31**
Error		3204.5	9967.9	13,094.3	10,751.9	4.29
Effect of prolapse
Prolapse	1	3620.8	15,559.7	1488.5	10,219.3	0.29
Error		3203.6	12,979.0	14,207.1	13,710.8	4.32
Effect of cystic ovary
Cystic ovary	1	142,299.4**	435,638.1**	158,170.0**	274,738.1**	6.23
Error		3116.0	12,720.3	14,103.0	13,535.3	4.31
Effect of gestational heat
Gestational heat	1	27.61	14,222.1	3815.6	814.1	2.74
Error		3205.85	12,979.8	14,205.5	13,717.0	4.32
Effect of ovulation abnormalities
Ovulation abnormalities	1	54,389.4**	371,829.4**	79,233.0*	249,809.0**	2.89
Error		3171.5	12,759.6	14,155.4	13,551.8	4.32
Error DF		1583	1624	1503	1503	1503

Notes: *Significant (p < .05).

**Significant (p < .01).

Table 5. Least-squares means of reproduction performance traits (CFS and SP) in relation to various fertility-related problems in Murrah buffaloes (affected vs. non-affected).

Effect	Status	CFS (days)			SP (days)
		No.	Mean	SE	N	Mean	SE
Fertility problems	Non-affected	1015	78.48^a	1.69	1042	110.79^a	2.98
	Affected	570	114.22^b	2.26	584	237.87^b	3.98
Anoestrus	Non-affected	1071	78.24^a	1.63	1100	119.85^a	3.04
	Affected	514	118.60^b	2.35	526	232.93^b	4.40
True anoestrus	Non-affected	1271	82.66^a	1.51	1305	133.36^a	2.88
	Affected	314	126.44^b	3.04	321	250.22^b	5.81
Anoestrus PCL	Non-affected	1261	84.23^a	1.54	1297	135.36^a	2.94
	Affected	324	118.97^b	3.05	329	239.51^b	5.84
Repeat breeding	Non-affected	1488	91.63	1.47	1529	142.60^a	2.55
	Affected	97	86.79	5.75	97	374.51^b	10.14
Prolapse	Non-affected	1564	91.50	1.43	1605	156.08	2.84
	Affected	21	78.29	12.35	21	183.48	24.86
Cystic ovary	Non-affected	1570	90.40^a	1.41	1612	154.91^a	2.81
	Affected	15	188.27^b	14.41	14	332.07^b	30.14
Gestational heat	Non-affected	1552	91.35	1.44	1597	156.03	2.85
	Affected	33	90.42	9.86	29	178.38	21.16
Ovulation abnormalities	Non-affected	1568	90.72^a	1.42	1610	154.92^a	2.82
	Affected	17	147.59^b	13.66	16	308.13^b	28.24

Note: Means with different superscripts differ significantly in each effect.

Table 6. Least-squares means of various reproduction traits (DP, CI and MY/CI) in relation to fertility-related problems in Murrah buffaloes (affected vs. non-affected).

Effect	Status	No.	DP		CI		MY/CI
			Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Fertility problems	Non-affected	973	140.25^a	3.64	425.28^a	3.27	5.06^a	0.07
	Affected	532	215.37^b	4.92	544.46^b	4.43	4.25^b	0.09
Anoestrus	Non-affected	1028	144.99^a	3.58	434.62^a	3.32	5.04^a	0.06
	Affected	477	213.95^b	5.26	538.24^b	4.89	4.21^b	0.09
True anoestrus	Non-affected	1206	153.84^a	3.35	445.60^a	3.12	4.90^a	0.06
	Affected	299	219.26^b	6.73	555.51^b	6.28	4.28^b	0.12
Anoestrus PCL	Non-affected	1212	153.51^a	3.33	448.83^a	3.18	4.93^a	0.06
	Affected	293	221.97^b	6.78	544.67^b	6.49	4.14^b	0.12
Repeat breeding	Non-affected	1412	158.26^a	3.04	453.51^a	2.75	4.82^a	0.05
	Affected	93	296.86^b	11.87	680.96^b	10.81	4.07^b	0.22
Prolapse	Non-affected	1487	166.93	3.09	467.08	3.03	4.77	0.05
	Affected	18	157.78	28.09	490.42	26.86	4.90	0.49
Cystic ovary	Non-affected	1493	165.90^a	3.07	466.17^a	3.01	4.78	0.05
	Affected	12	281.17^b	34.28	618.08^b	33.58	4.06	0.60
Gestational heat	Non-affected	1479	167.03	3.10	467.28	3.04	4.78	0.05
	Affected	26	154.81	23.37	472.92	22.97	4.45	0.41
Ovulation abnormalities	Non-affected	1493	166.17^a	3.08	466.22^a	3.01	4.78	0.05
	Affected	12	247.75^b	34.35	611.08^b	33.61	4.29	0.60

Note: Means with different superscripts differ significantly in each effect.

Table 7. Least-squares ANOVA of reproduction performance traits in relation to various udder health and short lactation problems.

Source of variation	df	Mean sum of squares
		CFS	SP	DP	CI	MY/CI
Effect of overall udder health problems
Overall	1	6734.47	46,353.78	72,825.1*	112,380.7**	17.32*
Error		3118.27	12,946.37	12,034.0	13,522.4	3.98
Effect of clinical mastitis
Clinical mastitis	1	5805.09	36,261.96	70,456.1*	100,631.5**	19.63*
Error		3118.88	12,952.79	12,035.6	13,530.4	3.97
Effect of lactation stage I mastitis
Stage one mastitis	1	8266.72	18,184.64	64,894.1*	2347.9	70.08**
Error		3117.26	12,964.29	12,039.3	13,596.9	3.94
Effect of lactation stage II mastitis
Stage two mastitis	1	1118.27	11,810.24	13,291.1	24,719.6	0.26
Error		3121.95	12,968.35	12,074.2	13,581.8	3.99
Effect of lactation stage III mastitis
Stage three mastitis	1	4003.82	146,126.79	635.7	1,45,840.1**	4.19
Error		3120.06	12,882.90	12,082.8	13,499.8	3.98
Effect of blood in milk
Blood in milk	1	2082.03	99.85	27,955.8	15,717.3	6.06
Error		3121.32	12,975.79	12,064.3	13,587.8	3.98
Effect of teat block
Teat block	1	3413.41	1300.52	631.9	440.3	0.07
Error		3120.44	12,975.03	12,082.8	13,598.2	3.99
Effect of teat/udder wound
Teat/udder wound	1	1528.13	1000.87	7880.3	4719.5	2.41
Error		3121.68	12,975.22	12,077.9	13,595.3	3.99
Effect of short lactation
Short lactation	1	1557.28	162.29	4,164,666.0**	4248.3	1345.72**
Error		3121.66	12,975.75	9267.3	13,595.6	3.08
Error DF		1524	1572	1478	1478	1478

*Significant (p < .05).

**Significant (p < .01).

Table 8. Least-squares means of reproduction performance traits (CFS and SP) in relation to various udder health and short lactation problems in Murrah buffaloes (affected vs. non-affected).

Effect	Status	CFS			SP
		N	Mean	SE	N	Mean	SE
Udder health problems	Unaffected	1133	89.19	1.66	1176	153.14	3.32
	Affected	393	94.00	2.82	398	165.63	5.70
Clinical mastitis	Unaffected	1167	89.35	1.63	1209	153.66	3.27
	Affected	359	93.95	2.95	365	165.03	5.96
Stage one mastitis	Unaffected	1361	89.62	1.51	1406	157.47	3.04
	Affected	165	97.12	4.35	168	146.46	8.78
Stage two mastitis	Unaffected	1385	90.16	1.50	1429	155.42	3.01
	Affected	141	93.11	4.71	145	164.90	9.46
Stage three mastitis	Unaffected	1411	89.97	1.49	1458	153.58^a	2.97
	Affected	115	96.10	5.21	116	190.46^b	10.54
Blood in milk	Unaffected	1504	90.57	1.44	1552	156.33	2.89
	Affected	22	80.77	11.91	22	154.18	24.29
Teat block	Unaffected	1488	90.192	1.45	1535	156.15	2.91
	Affected	38	99.79	9.06	39	162.00	18.24
Teat/udder wound	Unaffected	1498	90.29	1.44	1547	156.19	2.90
	Affected	28	97.75	10.56	27	162.33	21.92
Short lactation	Unaffected	1460	90.216	1.46	1504	156.23	2.94
	Affected	66	95.18	6.88	70	157.79	13.61

Note: Means with different superscripts differ significantly in each effect.

Table 9. Least-squares means of various reproduction traits (DP, CI and MY/CI) in relation to various udder health and short lactation problems in Murrah buffaloes (affected vs. non-affected).

Effect	Status	No.	DP		CI		MY/CI
			Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Udder health problems	Non-affected	1112	156.88^a	3.29	461.64^a	3.49	4.92^a	0.06
	Affected	368	173.11^b	5.72	481.80^b	6.06	4.67^b	0.10
Clinical mastitis	Non-affected	1144	157.18^a	3.24	462.19^a	3.44	4.92^a	0.06
	Affected	336	173.65^b	5.98	481.87^b	6.35	4.65^b	0.11
Stage one mastitis	Non-affected	1325	158.65^a	3.01	467.09	3.20	4.93^a	0.05
	Affected	155	180.28^b	8.81	462.97	9.37	4.23^b	0.16
Stage two mastitis	Non-affected	1343	159.96	3.00	465.35	3.18	4.86	0.05
	Affected	137	170.30	9.39	479.45	9.96	4.90	0.17
Stage three mastitis	Non-affected	1374	161.10	2.96	463.90^a	3.13	4.84	0.05
	Affected	106	158.56	10.68	502.40^b	11.29	5.05	0.19
Blood in milk	Non-affected	1460	160.41	2.87	466.28	3.05	4.87	0.05
	Affected	20	198.05	24.56	494.50	26.07	4.33	0.44
Teat block	Non-affected	1444	161.02	2.89	466.57	3.07	4.86	0.05
	Affected	36	156.78	18.32	470.11	19.44	4.90	0.33
Teat/udder wound	Non-affected	1455	160.61	2.88	466.42	3.06	4.86	0.05
	Affected	25	178.52	21.98	480.28	23.32	4.56	0.39
Short lactation	Non-affected	1416	149.65^a	2.56	467.02	3.10	5.05^a	0.05
	Affected	64	410.44^b	12.03	458.69	14.58	0.22^b	0.23

Note: Means with different superscripts differ significantly in each effect.