The application of probiotics and flaxseed promotes metabolism of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients (%) and chemical composition (g/kg DM) of the basal diet for early weaned pigs.

	Item	OŠ – 02
Ingredient (%)	Wheat	27.6
	Extracted soybean meal	22.0
	Maize (8.4% CP)	19.7
	Barley	17.0
	Oat (11.2% CP)	5.0
	Calcium carbonate	1.1
	Monocalcium phosphate	1.0
	TKP OS – M var.B 0.5% Vitamin/Mineral premix	0.4
	Sodium chloride	0.4
	l-Lysine-HCl	0.35
	l-hreonine	0.35
	dl-Methionine	0.1
Chemical composition (g/kg DM)	CP (g)	187.9
	ME (MJ)	12.8
	Fibre (g)	38.3
	Lysine (g)	11.6
	Methionine and cysteine (g)	6.4
	Threonine (g)	7.6
	Tryptophan (g)	2.3
	Choline (mg)	1352
	Vitamin A (IU)	11530
	Vitamin D3 (IU)	1500
	Vitamin E (mg)	68.7
	Vitamin B2 (mg)	7.1
	Vitamin B12 (μg)	26.4
	Ca (g)	7.5
	P (g)	6.2
	Na (g)	1.9
	Cu (mg)	10
	Fe (mg)	163.4
	Zn (mg)	125.8
	Mn (mg)	72.7

Note: DM, dry matter.

Table 2. Fatty acid composition (%) of flaxseed and feed mixtures.

Fatty acid	Flaxseed	Feed mixtures
Lipids (DM basis)	45.78	2.19
C16:0 palmitic	5.1	17.4
C18:0 stearic	3.7	2.2
C18:1n – 9 oleic	18.4	24.7
C18:2n – 6 linoleic	16.1	51.9
C18:3n – 3α linolenic	56.8	3.8

Note: DM, dry matter.

Table 3. The values of selected biochemical parameters measured in the herd of farmer (Mean = 7 sucklings).

Parameter (Units)	Mean
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	7.44
ALT (µk at/L)	6.87
AST (µk at/L)	8.13
ALP (µk at/L)	4.67
GMT (µk at/L)	0.57
Total protein (g/L)	35.62

Note: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotrasferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GMT, gamma-glutamyltranspherase.

Table 4. The effect of cheese supplemented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum in combination with flaxseed on lipid parameters in control (C; n = 18) and experimental (E; n = 18) groups of piglets.

Lipid parameter (Units)	C			E
	Study day after weaning			Study day after weaning
	Day 0	Day 7	Day 14	Day 0	Day 7	Day 14
TL (g/L)	5.32 ± 0.22	5.47 ± 0.47^y	5.08 ± 0.20	5.86 ± 0.32^a	4.71 ± 0.21^a,y	4.69 ± 0.10^a
TC (mmol/L)	3.12 ± 0.15	3.16 ± 0.31	3.16 ± 0.23	3.44 ± 0.26	2.70 ± 0.28	2.98 ± 0.13
HDL (mmol/L)	1.29 ± 0.04^a,y	0.92 ± 0.06^a,x	1.06 ± 0.10^a,x	1.80 ± 0.13^a,y	0.66 ± 0.06^a,x	0.74 ± 0.08^a,x
LDL (mmol/L)	1.48 ± 0.11	1.82 ± 0.20	1.43 ± 0.17	1.29 ± 0.16	1.35 ± 0.29	1.40 ± 0.13
TG (mmol/L)	1.21 ± 0.06	1.26 ± 0.26	1.13 ± 0.06	1.37 ± 0.09	1.36 ± 0.14	1.22 ± 0.04

Notes: TL, total lipids; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; TG, triglycerids. Data are means (Units) ± SEM (Repeated measures Anova). ^a,b,x,y Mean values in rows with the same superscript letters differ significantly (^a,x=p < .05; ^b,y=p < .01). Superscript letters ^a,b show differences on Days 7 and 14 compared to Day 0 and ^x,y show differences between the groups.

Figure 1. The effect of probiotics and flax seed on the level of ALA (a), EPA (b), DHA (c), and the ratio of EPA/AA (d) in the blood serum of piglets. Days 0, 7, and 14, study days of the experiment; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; C, control group (n = 18); E, experimental group (n = 18); Data are means (mol%) ± SEM; ^a,x,y,z Mean values within columns with the same superscript letters differ significantly (^a,x=p < .05;^y=p < .01; ^z=p < .001). Superscript letters ^a show differences on Days 7 and 14 compared to Day 0 and ^x,y,z show differences between the groups.

Table 5. The effect of cheese supplemented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum in combination with flaxseed on n-6 PUFAs in control (C; n = 18) and experimental (E; n = 18) groups of piglets.

Fatty acids (mol%)	C			E
	Study day after weaning			Study day after weaning
	Day 0	Day 7	Day 14	Day 0	Day 7	Day 14
LA	17.05 ± 1.17^x	18.25 ± 0.86	20.37 ± 0.83^z	21.35 ± 1.23^a,x	19.66 ± 1.00^a	24.82 ± 0.43^a,z
GLA	0.53 ± 0.09	0.39 ± 0.07	0.46 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.04	0.37 ± 0.03
DGLA	0.44 ± 0.05^z	0.28 ± 0.01^z	0.33 ± 0.02^z	0.31 ± 0.03^z	0.24 ± 0.02^a,z	0.27 ± 0.01^a,z
AA	10.35 ± 0.29^z	7.92 ± 0.76^a	8.48 ± 0.75^a,x	7.30 ± 0.45^z	8.12 ± 0.67	6.12 ± 0.56^x

Notes: LA, linoleic acid; GLA, gamma-linolenic acid; DGLA, dihommo-gamma-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Data are means (mol%) ± SEM (Repeated measures Anova). ^a,b,x,y,z Mean values in rows with same superscript letters differ significantly (^a,x=p < .05; ^b,y=p < .01, ^z=p < .001). Superscript letters ^a,b show differences of Days 7 and 14 compared to Day 0 and ^x,y,z show differences between groups.