Effect of solid-state fermentation by oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on nutritive value of some agro by-products

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of treatment by fungi on chemical composition of crop residues (% DM).

Items		DM	Ash	OM	EE	CP
Rice straw	U	92.61^c	14.70^e	85.28^i	1.09^b	3.20^f
	T	87.61^f	16.05^d	83.94^j	1.14^b	7.06^cde
Wheat straw	U	92.60^c	6.41^j	93.61^c	0.87^b	3.71^f
	T	84.56^h	9.27^h	90.72^f	0.79^b	7.38^bcd
Barley straw	U	93.53^b	7.20^j	92.80^d	1.16^b	3.14^f
	T	86.48^g	8.26^i	91.74^e	1.15^b	8.23^abc
Soybean straw	U	88.09^e	3.48^l	96.51^a	1.00^b	4.40^f
	T	81.40^j	5.46^k	94.53^b	0.82^b	8.44^ab
Canola straw	U	89.32^d	12.81^g	87.18^g	0.79^b	5.91^e
	T	83.41^i	14.22^ef	85.77^hi	0.76^b	8.77^a
Pea straw	U	94.86^a	13.50^fg	86.50^gh	1.01^b	6.40^de
	T	79.81^k	19.30^c	80.69^k	1.40^b	8.16^abc
Rice husk	U	93.64^b	22.52^b	77.48^l	3.93^a	1.36^g
	T	83.58^i	24.46^a	75.53^m	4.13^a	3.7^f
p value		0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.9	0.004
SEM		0.15	0.38	0.38	0.50	0.58

Note: Means in the same column with the different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.01).

U: untreated, T: treated by fungi; DM = dry matter, OM = organic matter, EE = ether extract, CP = crude protein, p value = probability value, SEM = standard error of means.

Table 2. Effect of treatment by fungi on cel-wall component of crop residues (% DM).

Items		NDF	ADF	ADL
Rice straw	U	72.26^c	43.85^e	8.99^c
	T	66.77^ef	36.75^g	8.69^c
Wheat straw	U	78.49^a	56.84^bc	10.00^c
	T	69.43^d	48.24^d	8.96^c
Barley straw	U	77.17^a	54.92^c	8.87^c
	T	68.09^de	44.57^e	6.93^c
Soybean straw	U	71.42^c	61.87^a	10.22^c
	T	63.83^g	61.69^a	9.80^c
Canola straw	U	64.89^fg	58.73^b	14.65^b
	T	61.02^h	58.02^b	13.69^b
Pea straw	U	55.62^i	39.12^f	8.24^c
	T	47.71^j	37.98^fg	7.71^c
Rice husk	U	74.74^b	57.40^b	19.65^a
	T	63.16^h	57.47^b	19.27^a
p value		0.008	0.01	0.9
SEM		0.97	1.11	1.57

Notes: Means in the same column with the different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.05).

U: untreated, T: treated by fungi. NDF = neutral detergent fibre, ADF = acid detergent fibre, ADL = acid detergent lignin, p value = probability value, SEM = standard error of means.

Table 3. The volume of GP (ml/g DM) from experimental treatments in different incubation times.

		Incubation times
		2	4	6	8	12	24	48	72	96
Items
Rice straw	U	1.43^fg	2.49^j	4.50^i	6.48^i	11.17^g	17.83^g	30.00^g	36.67^j	39.17^h
	T	2.87^e	6.00^f	8.17^f	10.00^g	13.33^f	22.17^f	30.89^g	38.22^j	45.66^fg
Wheat straw	U	1.37^fg	4.00^gh	6.00^g	8.50^h	12.67^fg	22.67^f	35.67^f	39.00^hi	44.00^g
	T	3.54^cd	6.83^de	9.34^de	11.83^ef	17.00^de	31.00^d	40.34^de	42.34^fg	48.03^de
Barley straw	U	3.04^ed	6.50^def	9.17^de	12.00^ef	18.00^d	31.83^d	42.17^cd	45.00^de	46.67^ef
	T	3.57^cd	6.50^def	10.00^cd	14.50^c	22.67^bc	35.83^c	42.19^cd	47.21^bc	55.00^b
Soybean straw	U	3.37^ed	7.00^d	9.00^ef	11.17^f	17.67^de	32.00^d	42.01^cd	46.89^cd	49.56^d
	T	4.87^b	11.33^b	16.50^b	19.34^b	24.00^b	40.67^b	47.78^b	49.25^b	53.17^c
Canola straw	U	1.70^f	4.33^g	5.50^gh	9.84^g	13.34^f	27.33^e	37.34^f	40.67^gh	45.00^fg
	T	1.87^f	6.17^ef	9.84^cde	13.33^d	16.00^e	32.18^d	39.65^e	43.11^ef	48.88^d
Pea straw	U	4.04^c	7.83^c	10.34^c	12.67^de	21.50^c	34.50^c	43.85^c	47.50^bc	51.84^c
	T	8.37^a	18.63^a	27.67^a	32.50^a	37.17^a	45.00^a	53.34^a	54.50^a	56.69^a
Rice husk	U	0.87^g	3.00^i	4.17^i	5.33^i	5.67^h	6.50^h	7.17^h	7.50^k	7.50^i
	T	1.37^fg	3.33^hi	4.67^hi	5.50^i	6.00^h	6.50^h	7.84^h	8.67^k	9.00^i
p value		0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.0001	0.0001	0.001	0.001	0.001
SEM		0.22	0.26	0.36	0.46	0.69	0.67	0.75	0.84	0.67

Note: Means in the same column with the different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.01).

U: untreated, T: treated by fungi, p value = probability value, SEM = standard error of means.

Table 4. Effect of treatment by fungi on kinetic parameters of gas production of crop residues.

Items		a	b	a + b	c
Rice straw	U	−1.23^cde	45.40^d	44.17^d	0.02^d
	T	0.88^a	46.50^dc	47.38^c	0.02^d
Wheat straw	U	−1.51^def	47.58^bc	46.06^cd	0.03^d
	T	−0.69^bcd	48.03^bc	47.34^c	0.04^cd
Barley straw	U	−2.08^ef	49.46^b	47.38^c	0.04^cd
	T	−1.43^de	53.32^a	51.88^b	0.04^cd
Soybean straw	U	−1.25^cde	51.68^a	50.42^b	0.04^cd
	T	−0.17^abc	51.82^a	51.64^b	0.05^c
Canola straw	U	−2.63^f	48.13^bc	45.50^cd	0.04^cd
	T	−1.66^def	49.16^b	47.49^c	0.04^cd
Pea straw	U	−1.02^cde	52.11^a	51.08^b	0.04^cd
	T	−1.66^def	53.29^a	54.13^a	0.1^b
Rice husk	U	−1.55^def	8.76^e	7.20^e	0.17^a
	T	0.83^a	7.98^e	8.25^e	0.11^b
SEM		0.2	0.08	0.18	0.0001
p value		0.44	0.98	1.02	0.01

Note: Means in the same column with the different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.05).

U: untreated, T: treated by fungi. a: the volume of GP from soluble fraction (ml/g DM), b: the volume of GP from insoluble but fermentable fraction (ml/g DM), c: the rate of GP (/h) from the fraction b. p value = probability value, SEM = standard error of means.

Table 5. Effect of treatment by fungi on OMD (%), ME (MJ/kg DM), NEL (MJ/kg DM) and SCFA (m mol / mg DM) of crop residues.

Items		OMD	ME	NEL	SCFA
Rice straw	U	40.10^g	4.82^i	2.37^i	0.39^g
	T	46.59^f	5.64^h	2.95^h	0.48^f
Wheat straw	U	41.76^g	5.52^h	2.87^h	0.50^f
	T	52.30^d	6.87^fe	3.81^ef	0.68^d
Barley straw	U	49.99^e	6.77^f	3.75^f	0.70^d
	T	56.63^c	7.61^c	4.33^c	0.79^c
Soybean straw	U	49.34^e	6.83^f	3.80^ef	0.70^d
	T	60.02^b	8.25^b	4.79^b	0.89^b
Canola straw	U	49.38^e	6.25^g	3.39^g	0.60^e
	T	55.66^c	7.08^de	3.96^de	0.71^d
Pea straw	U	56.29^c	7.29^d	4.11^d	0.76^c
	T	68.87^a	8.83^a	5.19^a	0.99^a
Rice husk	U	32.29^h	4.36^j	1.94^j	0.14^h
	T	33.90^h	4.96^i	2.31^i	0.14^h
SEM		0.01	0.01	0.0001	0.0001
p value		0.83	0.1	0.07	0.01

Note: Means in the same column with the different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.05).

U: untreated, T: treated by fungi, OMD: organic matter digestibility; OMD (%) = 14.88 + 0.889 GP + 0.45 CP + 0.0651 XA, ME: metabolizable energy; ME (MJ/kg DM) = 2.20 + 0.136 GP + 0.057 CP, NEL: net energy lactation; NEL (MJ/kg DM) = 0.096GP + 0.0038CP + 0.000173EE2 + 0.54, SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; SCFA (m mol / mg DM) = 0.0222GP – 0.00425. p value = probability value, SEM = standard error of means.