Effect of esterified glucomannan on broilers exposed to natural mycotoxin-contaminated diets

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and composition of the diet.

	Starter (8–21)			Grower (21–42)			Finisher (42–49)
UC	56.00	28.00	0.00	64.00	32.00	0.00	67.60	33.80	00.0
CC	00.00	28.00	56.00	00.00	32.00	64.00	0.00	33.80	67.60
Soybean meal	32.63	32.63	32.63	26.00	26.00	26.00	24.50	24.50	24.50
Fish meal	3.00	3.00	3.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Soybean oil	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
Oyster shell	1.26	1.26	1.26	1.13	1.13	1.13	1.34	1.34	1.34
Dicalcium phosphate	1.24	1.24	1.24	1.10	1.10	1.10	0.86	0.86	0.86
Sand flour	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
DL-Methionine	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.00
Vitamin premix^a	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Mineral premix^b	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Salt	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Calculated composition
ME (kcal/kg)	2905.3	2905.3	2905.3	2891.6	2891.6	2891.6	2934.4	2934.4	2934.4
Crude protein (%)	20.88	20.88	20.88	18.07	18.07	18.07	16.51	16.51	16.51
Lysine (%)	1	1	1	1	1	1	0.85	0.85	0.85
Met + Cys (%)	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.6	0.6	0.6
Calcium (%)	1	1	1	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.8
Available phosphorous (%)	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3

Note: UC, uncontaminated corn; CC, contaminated corn.

^aVitamin premix provided per kg of diet: vitamin A (retinol), 2.7 mg; vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol), 0.05 mg; vitamin E (tocopheryl acetate), 18 mg; vitamin k3, 2 mg; thiamine 1.8 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; panthothenic acid, 10 mg; pyridoxine, 3 mg; cyanocobalamin, 0.015 mg; niacin, 30 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; choline chloride, 250 mg; antioxidant 100 mg.

^bMineral premix provided per kg of diet: Fe (FeSO4.7H2O, 20.09% Fe), 50 mg; Mn (MnSO4.H2O, 32.49% Mn), 100 mg; Zn (ZnO, 80.35% Zn), 100 mg; Cu (CuSO4.5H2O), 10 mg; I (KI, 58% I), 1 mg; Se (NaSeO3, 45.56% Se), 0.2 mg.

Table 2. Effect of diet contamination and E-GM supplementation on the performance of broilers chicks.

Treatments		Performance
Corn (%)	E-GM (%)	Feed intake	BW gain	FCR
0	0	4719^a	2736^a	1.72^b
0	0.05	4709.1^a	2727.6^a	1.72^b
0	0.1	4727.8^a	2751.6^a	1.71^b
50	0	4621.1^b	2438.4^b	1.89^ab
50	0.05	4699.2^a	2676^a	1.75^b
50	0.1	4720.1^a	2698.8^a	1.74^b
100	0	4507.8^c	2268^c	1.98^a
100	0.05	4695.9^a	2478^b	1.89^ab
100	0.1	4730^a	2678.4^a	1.76^b
SEM		32.49	50.12	0.09
Main effects
Corn (%)
0		4718.6^a	2738.4^a	1.72^c
50		4680.1^b	2604.4^b	1.79^b
100		4644.5^c	2474.8^c	1.87^a
SEM		18.75	66.50	0.035
E-GM (%)
0		4615.9^b	2607.8	1.77^a
0.05		4709.1^b	2650.2	1.77^a
0.1		4727.8^a	2690.6	1.75^b
SEM		8.85	21.01	0.005
Probability
Mycotoxin		<0.0001	0.01	<0.0001
E-GM		0.001	0.07	0.002
M × E-GM		0.004	0.02	0.005

Note: M, mycotoxin contamination; E-GM, esterified glucomannan.

Values in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P < .05).

Table 3. Effect of diet contamination and E-GM supplementation on body organs relative weight of broiler chicks.

Treatments		Body organs (% of live BW)
Corn (%)	E-GM (%)	Liver	Spleen	Kidney	Heart	Bursa of Fabricius
0	0	2.51^c	0.21	0.63	0.57	0.23^a
0	0.05	2.47^c	0.19	0.66	0.60	0.24^a
0	0.1	2.60^c	0.21	0.63	0.58	0.24^a
50	0	3.62^b	0.23	0.69	0.58	0.18^b
50	0.05	2.63^c	0.22	0.71	0.61	0.23^a
50	0.1	2.68^c	0.20	0.68	0.61	0.23^a
100	0	3.98^a	0.21	0.70	0.60	0.16^b
100	0.05	2.71^c	0.23	0.72	0.65	0.19^ab
100	0.1	2.78^c	0.19	0.69	0.62	0.23^a
SEM		0.17	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.025
Main effects
Corn (%)
0		2.52^b	0.20	0.64	0.58	0.23^a
50		2.97^b	0.21	0.69	0.60	0.21^a
100		3.15^a	0.21	0.70	0.62	0.19^b
SEM		0.09	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
E-GM (%)
0		3.17	0.21	0.67	0.58	0.22
0.05		2.60	0.21	0.69	0.62	0.21
0.1		2.68	0.20	0.66	0.60	0.19
SEM		0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Probability
Mycotoxin		<0.0001	0.73	0.87	0.31	0.05
E-GM		0.59	0.23	0.15	0.56	0.14
M×E-GM		0.04	0.35	0.80	0.23	0.03

Note: M, mycotoxin contamination; E-GM, esterified glucomannan.

Values in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P < .05).

Table 4. Effect of diet contamination and E-GM supplementation on antibody titre against Newcastle and IBD viruses in broiler chicks.

Treatments		Immunity
Corn (%)	E-GM (%)	Newcastle (log2)	IBD (log2)
0	0	7^a	3003.5^a
0	0.05	6^a	2904.5^a
0	0.1	7^a	3099.9^a
50	0	5^b	2599.4^b
50	0.05	7^a	2832.7^a
50	0.1	6^a	2930.1^a
100	0	3^c	2125.6^c
100	0.05	6^a	2804.9^a
100	0.1	7^a	2733.3^a
SEM		0.4	183.2
Main effects
Corn (%)
0		6^a	3002.6^a
50		6^a	2787.4^b
100		5^b	2554.6^b
SEM		0.45	105.60
E-GM (%)
0		5	2576.1
0.05		6	2847.3
0.1		6	2921.1
SEM		0.50	37.40
Probability
Mycotoxin		0.0001	0.004
E-GM		0.08	0.09
M×E-GM		0.04	0.04

Notes: M, mycotoxin contamination; E-GM, esterified glucomannan; IBD, infectious bursal disease.

Values in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P < .05).

Table 5. Effect of diet contamination and E-GM supplementation on biochemical parameters and serum enzyme activities of broiler chickens.

Treatments		Serum biochemical parameters
Corn (%)	E-GM (%)	UA (mg/dl)	ALB (mg/dl)	TP (mg/dl)	ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)
0	0	7.12	1.45^a	3.41^a	7.24^c	147.2^c
0	0.05	7.18	1.47^a	3.39^a	7.41^c	150.9^c
0	0.1	6.93	1.44^a	3.46^a	7.32^c	145.3^c
50	0	7.01	1.25^ab	2.82^b	10.10^b	170.1^b
50	0.05	7.16	1.30^a	3.30^a	7.63^c	159.8^c
50	0.1	7.02	1.42^a	3.40^a	7.23^c	156.6^c
100	0	6.98	1.01^b	2.25^c	13.33^a	201.2^a
100	0.05	7.09	1.31^a	3.27^a	7.85^c	161.1^c
100	0.1	7.08	1.40^a	3.37^a	7.13^c	160.7^c
SEM		0.13	0.11	0.09	1.05	9.12
Main effects
Corn (%)
0		7.07	1.45^a	3.42^a	7.32^b	147.8^b
50		7.06	1.32^b	3.17^a	8.32^a	162.1^b
100		7.05	1.24^b	2.96^b	9.43^a	174.3^a
SEM		0.005	0.06	0.21	0.45	5.60
E-GM (%)
0		7.03	1.23	2.82	8.22	172.8
0.05		7.14	1.36	3.32	7.63	157.2
0.1		7.01	1.39	3.41	7.22	154.2
SEM
Probability
Mycotoxin		0.30	0.004	0.007	0.03	0.0001
E-GM		0.14	0.34	0.76	0.30	0.8
M×E-GM		0.31	0.004	0.005	0.04	0.005

Notes: M, mycotoxin contamination; E-GM, esterified glucomannan; UA, uric acid; ALB, albumin; TP, total protein; ALT, alanine amino transferase; AST, aspartate amino transferase.

Values in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P < .05).

Table 6. Effect of diet contamination and E-GM supplementation on haematological parameters of broiler chickens.

Treatments		Haematological parameters
Corn (%)	E-GM (%)	WBC (×10^3)	Lymphocyte (%)	Monocyte (%)	Eosinophil (%)	Heterophile (%)
0	0	4.3^c	61.5^a	0.5	2.5	34.5^b
0	0.05	4.4^c	62.7^a	0.6	2.7	34^b
0	0.1	4.7^c	63.3^a	0.6	2.6	33.5^b
50	0	5.6^b	57.2^ab	0.9	2.1	39.8^ab
50	0.05	4.5^c	60.5^a	0.8	1.9	36.8^b
50	0.1	4.8^c	60.19^a	0.7	2.3	36.9^b
100	0	6.5^a	50.7^b	0.5	1.7	47.1^a
100	0.05	4.4^c	59.3^a	0.6	2.1	38^b
100	0.1	4.9^c	61.6^a	0.8	2.4	35.2^b
SEM		0.3	3.25	0.27	0.55	3.65
Main effects
Corn (%)
0		4.4	62.5	0.56	2.6	34
50		4.9	59.2	0.80	2.1	37.8
100		5.2	57.2	0.63	2	40.1
SEM		0.10	1.55	0.90	0.30	1.20
E-GM (%)
0		5.4	56.4	0.63	2.1	40.4
0.05		4.4	60.8	0.66	2.2	36.2
0.1		4.8	61.6	0.70	2.4	35.2
SEM		0.35	0.45	0.02	0.15	2.70
Probability
Mycotoxin		0.40	0.30	0.80	0.35	0.40
E-GM		0.35	0.14	0.76	0.23	0.59
M × E-GM		0.04	0.03	0.30	0.15	0.04

Note: M, mycotoxin contamination; E-GM, esterified glucomannan.

Values in the same column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P < .05).