Echocardiographic measurements and indices in normal adult buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Right parasternal 2-D four-chamber long-axis view of small buffalo heart at the cordal (cordae tendinae) level in end diastole (a) and systole (b) showing IVSs, interventricular septal thickening in systole; LA, left atrium, LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter in systole; LVWd, left ventricular wall thickness in diastole; LVWs, left ventricular wall thickness in systole; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; MV, mitral valve; TCV, tricuspid valve.

Figure 2. Right parasternal M-mode short-axis echocardiogram of small buffalo demonstrating IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; LVW, left ventricular wall; MV, mitral valve; RV, right ventricle; EPSS, distance between septal leaflet and IVS at the maximal excursion of the valve (red line).

Figure 3. Right parasternal M-mode short-axis echocardiogram of small buffalo at the cordal (cordae tendinae) level showing IVSd, interventricular septal thickening in diastole; IVSs, interventricular septal thickening in systole; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter in systole; LVWd, left ventricular wall thickness in diastole; LVWs, left ventricular wall thickness in systole.

Table 1. Echocardiographic measurements for small and large buffaloes.

Parameter	Small buffaloes					Large buffaloes
	n	Median  ± SD	Min	Max	P	N	Median  ± SD	Min	Max	P
LVDd 2-D///M	5	4.58 ± 0.20	4.35	4.82	0.99	6	5.74 ± 0.50	5.11	6.34	1.00
		4.46 ± 0.19	4.21	4.71	0.99		5.63 ± 0.50	5.01	6.24	1.00
LVDs 2-D M	5	2.99 ± 0.30	2.65	3.33	0.98	6	3.49 ± 0.46	2.89	4.02	0.99
		2.94 ± 0.27	2.61	3.26	0.99		3.39 ± 0.49	2.78	4.01	0.98
IVSd 2-D M	5	1.32 ± 0.17	1.13	1.51	0.98	6	1.86 ± 0.21	1.59	2.13	0.97
		1.28 ± 0.15	1.09	1.46	0.99		1.74 ± 0.22	1.46	2.03	0.95
IVSs 2-D M	5	2 ± 0.09	1.88	2.12	0.97	6	2.59 ± 0.24	2.28	2.91	1.00
		1.89 ± 0.10	1.77	2.01	0.98		2.51 ± 0.26	2.18	2.84	0.98
LVWd 2-D M	5	1.83 ± 0.21	1.53	2.12	0.95	6	2.56 ± 0.19	2.31	2.82	0.99
		1.72 ± 0.19	1.45	1.99	0.96		2.48 ± 0.20	2.22	2.74	0.98
LVWs 2-D M	5	2.24 ± 0.18	2.01	2.46	0.89	6	2.7  ± 0.17	2.49	2.91	0.98
		2.17 ± 0.12	2.00	2.33	0.92		2.6 1 ± 0.18	2.38	2.84	1.00
AOD 2-D M	5	3.49 ± 0.10	3.37	3.62	1.00	6	4.26 ± 0.29	3.88	4.64	0.99
		3.42 ± 0.10	3.28	3.56	0.98		4.18 ± 0.31	3.77	4.59	0.99
LADd 2-D M	5	4.02 ± 0.15	3.81	4.23	0.94	6	4.81 ± 0.97	5.01	4.61	5.01
		3.92 ± 0.16	3.71	4.13	0.98		4.58 ± 0.30	4.18	4.99	0.99
RVDd 2-D M	5	2.17 ± 0.24	1.89	2.44	0.96	6	3.11 ± 0.35	2.66	3.57	0.92
		2.06 ± 0.23	1.78	2.33	0.94		3.0 ± 0.34	2.55	3.46	0.97
ABS 2-D	5	3.11 ± 0.10	3.00	3.22	0.90	6	3.96 ± 0.31	3.56	4.37	1.00
ASV 2-D	5	3.37 ± 0.19	3.12	3.61	0.92	6	4.15 ± 0.29	3.77	4.53	0.98
AJT 2-D	5	2.94 ± 0.07	2.86	3.01	0.94	6	3.72 ± 0.31	3.32	4.13	0.99
RADd 2-D M	5	2.1  ± 0.18	1.88	2.31	0.99	6	2.79 ± 0.25	2.47	3.11	0.96
		2 ± 0.18	1.77	2.22	0.91		2.70 ± 0.26	2.37	3.04	0.99
E 2-D M	5	2.59 ± 0.16	2.38	2.80	0.95	6	4.56 ± 0.17	4.33	4.80	0.80
EPSS 2-D M	5					6
		0.74 ± 0.02	0.71	0.77	0.73		0.82 ± 0.06	0.76	0.88	0.84

Notes: LVDd: left ventricular diameter in diastole; LVDs: left ventricular diameter in systole; IVSd: interventricular septal thickness in diastole; IVSs: interventricular septal thickness in systole; LVWd: left ventricular wall thickness in diastole; LVWs: left ventricular wall thickness in systole; AOD: aortic root diameter; LADd: left atrial diameter in diastole; RVDd: right ventricular diameter in diastole; ABS: aortic diameter at the level of valve leaflets; ASV: aortic diameter at the level of sinus of Valsalva; AJT: aortic diameter at the level of sino-tubular junction; RADd: right atrial diameter in diastole; E: maximal distance of the MV opening; EPSS: E-point to septal separation. n = number of buffaloes. Significance was considered when P < 0.05.

Table 2. Functional indices calculated from echocardiographic measurements in small and large buffaloes.

Parameter	Small buffaloes					Large buffaloes
	n	Mean ± SD	Min	Max	P	n	Mean ± SD	Min	Max	P
FS % 2-D M	5	34.41 ± 3.96	30.15	38.52	0.93	6	39.36 ± 2.82	36.27	43.44	0.90
		33.94 ± 3.42	30.79	38.00	0.97		40.00 ± 3.75	35.74	44.51	0.88
EF % 2-D M	5	63.41 ± 5.50	57.49	69.12	0.94	6	69.05 ± 3.72	65.00	74.32	0.99
		62.90 ± 4.79	58.35	68.56	0.97		69.83 ± 4.78	64.23	75.56	0.90
FST % 2-D M	5	32.20 ± 6.05	25.87	39.89	0.90	6	27.74 ± 1.84	25.28	30.26	0.99
		31.78 ± 4.46	27.36	38.42	0.93		29.17 ± 2.73	24.90	33.03	0.50
FWT % 2-D M	5	19.91 ± 4.96	14.89	27.85	0.66	6	23.37 ± 1.56	20.80	24.83	0.98
		17.41 ± 1.67	13.06	17.35	0.16		24.97 ± 2.58	20.84	28.20	0.26

Notes: FS (%): fractional shortening; EF (%): left ventricular ejection fraction; FST (%): fractional septum thickening; FWT (%): fractional wall thickening. Significance was considered when P < 0.05. n = number of buffaloes.