Influence of seasonal changes on physiological variables, haematology and serum thyroid hormones profile in male Red Sokoto and Sahel goats

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean values of meteorological parameters during the cold-dry (CDS), hot-dry (HDS) and rainy (RAS) seasons.

Parameters	CDS		HDS		RAS
	Morning	Afternoon	Morning	Afternoon	Morning	Afternoon
AT (°C)	16.45^a	30.47^a	24.47^b	39.21^b	22.90^b	31.00^a
RH (%)	19.96^a	15.22^a	54.29^b	24.41^b	77.36^c	70.72^c
THI	56.76^a	75.63^a	72.17^b	84.62^b	70.22^b	79.63^b

^a,b,cValues between seasons with different superscript are statistically significant (P < .05).

Figure 1. Mean (±SEM) values of respiratory rate of T₄ in adult bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons, a,b between breeds.

Figure 2. Mean (±SEM) values of pulse rate in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons, a,b: between breeds.

Figure 3. Mean (±SEM) values of rectal temperature in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons, a,b between breeds.

Table 2. Seasonal changes in haematological parameters of male Red Sokoto and Sahel goats.

Parameters	CDS	HDS	RAS
PCV (%)
RSG	35.31 ± 1.25^a	33.79 ± 5.03	35.54 ± 1.95
SHG	27.20 ± 1.48^x, b	36.00 ± 2.42^y	31.30 ± 1.65
RBC (10^6/µL)
RSG	17.91 ± 0.57^a, x	11.61 ± 1.17^x	13.89 ± 0.60^y
SHG	8.43 ± 0.45^x, b	10.89 ± 1.17^y	8.7 ± 0.42
HB (g/dL)
RSG	11.65 ± 0.41^a, x	9.56 ± 0.47^y	11.8 ± 0.28^x
SHG	9.38 ± 0.55^b	9.56 ± 0.75	10.37 ± 0.34
MCV (fL)
RSG	19.79 ± 0.32^x	18.85 ± 0.55^x	21.30 ± 0.37^y
SHG	20.26 ± 0.05	18.94 ± 1.27^x	21.6 ± 0.48^y
MCH (pg)
RSG	6.31 ± 0.08^a	5.76 ± 0.49	6.42 ± 0.29
SHG	6.40 ± 0.05^b	6.58 ± 0.72	7.07 ± 0.28
MCHC (g/dL)
RSG	33.49 ± 0.1	32.37 ± 3.57	31.29 ± 1.80
SHG	33.4 ± 0.16	32.89 ± 3.61	32.94 ± 1.64
TLC (10^6/µL)
RSG	8.75 ± 0.44^a, x	18.51 ± 1.43^a, y	10.51 ± 0.86^x
SHG	10.28 ± 1.64^b	14.51 ± 1.53^b	13.40 ± 1.35
LYMPH (%)
RSG	53.22 ± 2.88^x	41.71 ± 2.51^x	64.41 ± 2.87^y
SHG	67.48 ± 4.6	58.64 ± 3.5	66.33 ± 6.39
NEUT (%)
RSG	46.78 ± 2.88^x	59.29 ± 2.02^x	34.83 ± 2.99^y
SHG	32.52 ± 4.6	41.36 ± 3.5	33.47 ± 6.39
N:L
RSG	0.57 ± 0.08^x	0.94 ± 0.06^y	0.55 ± 0.12^y
SHG	0.49 ± 0.09^x	0.92 ± 0.12^y	0.60 ± 0.13

Notes: RSG, Red Sokoto goats; SHG, Sahel goats. Values of the same parameters with different superscript are statistically significant (P < .05). a,b: between breeds, x,y: between season.

Figure 4. Mean (±SEM) values of percentage haemolysis at 0.1% NaCl in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons.

Figure 5. Mean (±SEM) values of percentage haemolysis at 0.3% NaCl in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats.

Figure 6. Mean (±SEM) values of percentage haemolysis at 0.5% NaCl in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats and SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons.

Figure 7. Mean (±SEM) values of percentage haemolysis at 0.7% NaCl in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats.

Figure 8. Mean (±SEM) serum concentration of T₃ in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons, a,b: between breeds.

Figure 9. Mean (±SEM) serum concentrations of T₄ in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons, a,b between breeds.

Figure 10. Mean (±SEM) values of T₃:T₄ in bucks of RSG and SHG during the cold-dry, hot-dry and rainy seasons (n = 10). RSG – Red Sokoto goats; SHG – Sahel goats. Bars with different alphabets are statistically significant (P < .05). x,y: between seasons.

Table 3. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between physiological variables and circulating concentrations of T₃, T₄ and values of T₃:T₄ for Red Sokoto and Sahel goats.

	RT		RR		PR
	RSG	SHG	RSG	SHG	RSG	SHG
	CDS
T3	−0.432	0.736*	0.188	0.942*	0.024	−0.239
T4	0.453	−0.005	−0.506	0.428	0.537	0.041
T3:T4	−0.570	0.942*	0.376	0.891	−0.270	−0.289
	HDS
T4	0.169	0.425	−0.241	0.002	0.165	0.395
T3	0.131	−0.488	0.111	0.336	0.166	−0.392
T3:T4	−0.142	−0.462	0.383	0.141	−0.259	−0.499
	RAS
T4	0.453	0.428	0.506	0.074	0.537	−0.179
T3	−0.432	0.736*	0.188	−0.420	0.187	−0.227
T3:T4	−0.530	−0.167	0.350	−0.352	−0.146	0.663*

Notes: RSG, Red Sokoto goats; SHG,Sahel goats. Values with asterisk are statistically significant (P < .05).