Effect of age on concentrations of nutrients in four muscles of the Sudanese dromedary (Camelus dromedaries) camel

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean and standard error of mean (SEM) of chemical composition for two age groups (3–4 and 6–7 years old) of the Sudanese camel muscles.

Composition	Muscle^a								SEM
	LD		BF		ST		SM
	Age (year)
	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7
Moisture	71.3^b	66.1^a	72.6^bc	74.9^c	74.0^bc	74.1^bc	75.3^c	73.2^bc	0.69
Protein	17.7^ab	17.1^a	18.6^ab	17.1^a	18.8^bc	18.4^ab	18.4^ac	19.8^c	0.26
Fat	7.84^e	12.40^d	2.49^b	1.57^ab	3.47^cb	3.74^c	3.33^c	4.38^c	0.24
Ash	1.41	1.47	1.37	1.04	1.26	1.23	1.13	1.13	0.13

^aMuscle: LD: Longissimus Thoraces, BF: Bicepis fgemoris, ST: Semitendinosus, SM: Semimembranosus. Means within each row with different letters were significantly different (P < .05).

Table 2. Fatty acids composition of the LT, BF, semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of the Sudanese dromedary camels slaughtered at two different age groups.

Fatty acid (%)	Muscle								SEM ^a
	LD		BF		ST		SM
	Age (year)
	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs)
C14:0	8.88	8.90	8.78	8.19	8.91	7.94	8.25	8.28	0.071
C15:0	0.53	0.49	0.82	0.90	0.66	0.61	0.58	0.69	0.244
C16:0	26.1	25.9	25.4	26.9	26.4	26.3	27.2	26.8	0.426
C17:0	0.77	0.69	0.75	0.72	0.81	0.79	0.69	0.81	0.066
C18:0	12.0	11.8	12.2	12.7	12.6	12.3	11.9	12.4	0.270
C20:0	0.40	0.38	0.38	0.37	0.38	0.51	0.36	0.39	0.055
C22:0	0.22	0.19	0.20	0.19	0.20	0.21	0.19	0.19	0.032
C24:0	0.04	0.04	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.003
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)
C14:1	0.87	0.67	0.77	0.74	0.87	0.49	0.67	0.74	0.151
C16:1	6.09	7.51	5.98	5.99	6.45	6.24	5.46	6.01	0.347
C17:1	0.63	0.61	0.68	0.71	0.52	0.62	0.67	0.65	0.367
C18:1	1.42	1.44	1.39	1.43	1.41	1.39	1.45	1.45	0.076
C18:1n9c	25.9	25.4	25.2	23.4	23.4	24.5	25.8	25.7	2.265
C20:1	0.79	0.77	0.79	0.95	0.55	0.69	0.55	0.66	0.023
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
C18:2n6c	12.7	12.9	14.2	13.9	14.0	14.8	13.6	12.7	1.131
C18:3n6c	1.22	1.13	1.11	1.22	1.64	1.16	1.21	1.35	0.047
C20:3n3c	0.95	0.93	1.03	0.97	0.95	0.93	1.11	0.91	0.014
C20:3n6c	0.56	0.24	0.26	0.27	0.28	0.22	0.24	0.21	0.011
TSFA	48.9	48.4	48.6	50.0	50.0	49.0	49.2	49.6	5.967
TMUFA	35.7	36.4	34.8	33.2	33.2	35.9	36.0	36.2	3.324
TPUFA	15.4	15.2	16.6	16.4	15.9	17.1	16.2	15.2	2.879
TUFA	51.1	51.6	51.4	50.0	50.0	51.0	50.8	50.4	5.325
TUFA:TSFA	1.04	1.07	1.06	1.00	1.00	1.04	1.03	1.02	0.501

^aSEM: Standard error of mean, fatty acid: C14: myristic acid, C15: pentadecanoic acid, C16: palmitic acid, C17: margaric acid, C18: stearic acid, C20: arachidic acid, C22: behenic acid, C14:1: myristoleic acid, C16:1: palmitoleic acid, C17:1: heptadecenoic acid, C18:1n9: oleic acid, C18:2n6: linoleic acid, C18:3n3: α-linolenic acid, C20:2: eicosadienoic acid, C20:3n6. TSFA: total saturated fatty acids, TMUFA: total mono-unsaturated fatty acids, TPUFA: total polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Table 3. Effect of age on amino acid compositions of Sudanese dromedary camel LT, ST, SM and BF.

Parameters	Muscle								STM ^a
	LD		BF		ST		SM
	Age (year)
	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7
Essential amino acid
Lysine	8.31	8.59	8.94	9.01	7.91	7.84	8.66	8.98	0.811
Phenylalanine	6.88	6.76	4.88	4.73	5.01	4.99	4.98	4.99	0.679
Leucine	8.11	7.99	6.86	6.59	6.99	6.91	6.92	7.01	0.653
Histidine	4.00	4.13	3.77	3.81	4.14	4.21	3.77	3.87	0.453
Methionine	3.62	3.28	3.74	3.88	3.56	3.58	3.74	3.03	0.231
Isoleucine	5.79	5.76	5.13	5.33	5.67	5.97	5.13	5.01	0.278
Threonine	4.95	4.75	4.76	4.77	4.85	4.88	4.99	5.01	0.423
Tryptophan	0.77	0.79	0.77	0.75	0.73	0.71	0.67	0.71	0.088
Valine	5.33	5.46	4.58	4.65	5.11	5.14	4.86	4.58	0.632
Non-essential amino acid
Aspartic acid	9.99	10.01	9.98	9.99	10.00	10.11	9.89	9.91	0.724
Serine	3.52	3.61	3.87	3.81	3.78	3.81	3.91	3.89	0.312
Glutamic acid	16.1	16.7	16.9	16.9	16.7	16.3	16.9	16.9	0.761
Alanine	4.77	4.85	4.79	4.77	4.89	4.99	4.98	4.89	0.313
Tyrosine	3.82	3.75	3.75	3.81	3.77	3.81	3.85	3.92	0.298
Glycine	2.24	3.67	1.82	3.26	2.39	3.84	2.11	2.83	0.804
Arginine	6.77	7.64	6.89	6.81	6.99	7.02	6.98	6.97	0.560

^aSEM: Standard error of mean.

Table 4. Soluble and total collagen in LT, BF, ST and SM muscles of the Sudanese dromedary camels representing two age groups.

Collagen(µg/g fresh tissue)	Muscle								SEM^a
	LD		BF		ST		SM
	Age (year)
	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7
Soluble	0.707	0.625	0.799	0.872	0.75	0.841	0.816	0.791	0.005
Soluble%	17.00	16.87	16.95	16.95	16.80	16.83	16.82	16.88	0.149
Insoluble	3.452	3.085	2.994	1.087	4.331	4.162	3.963	3.888	0.029
Insoluble%	82.99	83.13	83.05	83.21	83.20	83.17	83.18	83.12	0.148
Total collagen	1.190	1.260	1.220	1.310	1.167	1.296	1.177	1.254	0.034

^a SEM: Standard error of mean.

Table 5. Macro- and micro-mineral content of Sudanese dromedary camel LT, ST, SM, and BF slaughtered at two different age groups.

	Muscles								SEM ^a
	LT		ST		SM		BF
	Age (year)
	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7
Macro-mineral (mg/100 g fresh tissue)
Phosphorus	352	412	355	415	389	422	393	425	99.5
Calcium	13.3^a	23.4^b	14.1^a	24.0^b	14.4^a	24.2^b	13.6^a	23.8^b	12.87
Magnesium	37.1	41.5	34.9	44.4	35.6	43.8	35.9	40.2	4.25
Sodium	149	159	139	157	141	155	141	158	19.2
Potassium	797	833	751	845	778	859	759	849	32.1
Micro-mineral (mg/100 g fresh tissue)
Iron	3.25	3.95	3.55	3.89	3.22	3.79	3.54	3.95	1.169
Zinc	5.11	5.71	4.98	5.74	5.49	5.89	5.58	5.88	1.599
Copper	4.11	4.71	4.41	4.89	4.55	4.99	4.51	4.89	0.958
Cadmium	0.012	0.015	0.011	0.016	0.010	0.013	0.011	0.014	0.0048
Cobalt	0.010	0.014	0.011	0.015	0.010	0.013	0.011	0.015	0.0034
Lead	0.066^a	0.138^b	0.074^a	0.142^b	0.065^a	0.185^b	0.059^a	0.165^b	0.0135
Manganese	0.15	0.19	0.14	0.18	0.13	0.16	0.14	0.18	0.158

^aSEM: Standard error for the mean. Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 05).

Table 6. Effect of type of muscle and age on water- and fat-soluble vitamins levels of LT, ST, BF, SM muscles of the Sudanese dromedary camel.

	Muscle								SEM^a
	LT		ST		SM		BF
	Age (year)
Vitamins	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7	3–4	6–7
Water-soluble vitamins
Thiamine (B1) (mg/100 g)	0.11	0.10	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.09	0.08	0.009
Pyridoxine (B6) (mg/100 g)	0.59	0.53	0.61	0.58	0.61	0.57	0.62	0.60	0.081
Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg/100 g)	0.78	0.69	0.76	0.67	0.72	0.67	0.77	0.67	0.135
Cyanocobalamin (B12) (µg/100 g)	4.64	4.14	4.77	4.29	4.68	4.13	4.69	4.23	0.033
Riboflavin (B2) (mg/100 g)	0.23	0.21	0.22	0.20	0.26	0.24	0.26	0.22	0.011
Fat-soluble vitamins
Retinol (A) (µg/100 g)	10.5	10.9	11.2	11,9	10.1	10.9	9.99	10.5	0.153
Alpha-Tocopherol (E) (mg/100 g)	0.85	0.89	0.92	0.99	0.86	0.89	0.83	0.88	0.098

^aSEM: standard error for the mean.