A comparison of processed sorghum grain using different digestion techniques

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of sorghum grain processing using different methods (g/kg DM).

Item	Treatments				SEM	P value
	WDS	DCS	WSS	CSS		Tx	D vs. S	W vs. C
DM	977^a	985^a	659^b	646^b	1.65	0.001	0.001	0.654
OM	981	981	981	981	0.14	0.155	0.536	0.631
CP	101^b	98^b	110^a	98^b	0.5	0.001	0.001	0.001
Starch	721^c	730^bc	736^b	784^a	1.43	0.001	0.001	0.001
NDF	92^a	65^c	95^a	71^b	0.57	0.001	0.026	0.001
GE, MJ/kg DM	18.0^b	18.0^b	19.6^a	20.4^a	0.21	0.001	0.001	0.510

Abbreviations: WDS, Whole dried sorghum; DCS, dry cracked sorghum; WSS, whole sorghum silage; CSS, cracked sorghum silage; OM, organic matter; NDF, neutral detergent fiber.

^abcMeans with different literals within the same row are different (P < .0001).

Table 2. Particle size (mm) and physics characteristics as a function of sorghum grain processing using different methods.

%	Treatments				SEM	P value
	WDS	DCS	WSS	CSS
>3.36	29.46^a	0.67^b	33.36^a	0.85^b	0.09	.001
3.36–2.83	67.86^a	5.78^b	64.23^a	6.15^b	0.06	.001
2.83–2.00	1.85^b	17.71^a	1.84^b	17.25^a	0.02	.001
2.00–0.84	0.68^b	57.66^a	0.57^b	56.05^a	0.04	.001
0.84–0.59	0.01^b	11.71^a	0.02^b	11.86^a	0.03	.001
0.59–0.42	0.36^b	3.20^a	0.09^b	3.59^a	0.01	.001
<0.42	0.00^c	3.18^b	0.00^c	4.27^a	0.04	.001
GMPS, µm	3196.20^a	1046.80^b	3222.40^a	1032.00^b	1.49	.001
GSD	1.15^b	1.71^a	1.14^b	1.73^a	0.01	.001
Particle/g	26.30^c	2537.80^b	25.60^c	2953.41^a	5.95	.001
SA cm^2/g	16.86^b	76.71^a	16.64^b	79.64^a	0.57	.001

Abbreviations: WDS, Whole dried sorghum; DCS, dry cracked sorghum; WSS, whole sorghum silage; CSS, cracked sorghum silage; GMPS, geometric mean particle size; GSD, geometric standard deviation; SA, surface area; SEM, standard error mean.

^abcMeans with different literals within the same row are different (P < .0001).

Table 3. Digestibility of dry matter (g/100 g DM) as ADS, RDP, RUP and PDI of different treatments in sorghum grain.

Treatment	ADS	RDP	RUP	PDI
WDS	68.02^a	46.58^a	53.42^b	48.42^b
DCS	65.74^b	42.49^b	57.50^a	45.56^c
WSS	67.73^a	46.55^a	53.44^b	51.59^a
CSS	65.05^b	43.87^b	56.12^a	52.59^a
SEM	0.23	0.21	0.46	0.24
P value	.001	.001	.001	.012
D vs. S	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
W vs. C	0.038	0.857	0.014	0.001
Method
In vivo	65.35^b	44.23^a	55.77^a	64.97^b
In sacco	69.11^a	46.20^b	53.79^b	67.52^a
In vitro (Daisy)	66.82^bc	45.50^b	54.49^ab	67.49^a
In vitro (gas production)	66.26^bc	43.57^c	56.42^a	–
SEM	0.25	0.27	0.39	0.54
P value	.022	.003	.001	.001
D vs. S	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
W vs. C	0.040	0.972	0.012	0.001

Abbreviations: WDS, Whole dried sorghum; DCS, dry cracked sorghum; WSS, whole sorghum silage; CSS, cracked sorghum silage; D, dry sorghum; S, sorghum silage; W, grain whole sorghum; C, cracked sorghum.

^abcdDifferent literals in the same row differ (P < .01).

Table 4. In vitro gas production (ml gas/g DM) of different sorghum grain treatments.

Ítem	In vitro gas production				SEM	P value
	WDS	DCS	WSS	CSS		Tx	D vs. S	W vs. C
a	106^d	95^e	89^f	111^g	0.23	0.001	0.001	0.001
b	0.015^e	0.018^d	0.021^g	0.015^e	0.02	0.001	0.387	0.341
c	−0.022^e	−0.031^d	−0.038^g	−0.023^e	0.02	0.001	0.283	0.499
Lag time	1.69^g	0.74^d	1.42^g	0.74^d	0.07	0.001	0.650	0.001

Abbreviations: WDS, Whole dried sorghum; DCS, dry cracked sorghum; WSS, whole sorghum silage; CSS, cracked sorghum silage; Tx, treatment; D, dry sorghum; S, sorghum silage; W, whole grain sorghum; C, cracked sorghum grain; A, total gas production (ml gas/g DM); b, index fermentation (h⁻¹); c, fermentation rate (h^−1/2), lag time (h); ADS, apparent degrade substrate (mg/ 100 mg DM), RGP (ml gas 24 h/g ADS24 h).

^defgDifferent literals in the same row P < .05.

Table 5. Influence of sorghum grain processing on pH, production of NH₃–N and VFA (mmol/100 mol) and methane (mmol/100 mol)

Item	Treatments				SEM	P value
	WDS	DCS	WSS	CSS		Tx	D vs. S	W vs. C
pH	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	0.01	0.225	0.703	0.596
N–NH3, (mg/dl)	9.98^a	9.73^a	12.26^b	11.03^c	0.21	0.001	0.062	0.446
VFA (mol/100 mol)
Acetic (A)	58.78^c	61.94^a	54.94^b	53.30^b	0.44	0.001	0.001	0.051
Propionic (P)	32.82^c	28.46^a	36.82^b	36.39^b	0.24	0.001	0.065	0.001
Butyric	8.23^bc	9.59^bc	7.72^c	10.30^b	0.22	0.018	0.883	0.001
A/P ratio	1.79^a	2.17^d	1.53^c	1.86^b	0.02	0.001	0.037	0.001
Methane	0.47^c	0.52^c	0.45^c	0.41^b	0.03	0.001	0.023	0.001

Abbreviations: WDS, Whole dried sorghum; DCS, dry cracked sorghum; WSS, whole sorghum silage; CSS, cracked sorghum silage; Tx, treatment; D, dry sorghum; S, sorghum silage; W, whole grain sorghum; C, cracked grain sorghum.

^abcdDifferent literals in line P < .05.