The effect of assisted reproductive technologies on cow productivity under communal and emerging farming systems of South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of province and districts on calving and survival rate of cows under communal and emerging farming systems.

Variables	Number of cows inseminated	Number of cows calved	Calving rate	Survival rate	Contribution towards calving	Chi-Square value	P-value
Province
Limpopo	108	39	36.11	100	14.29	43.2016	0.0001*
Mpumalanga	91	53	58.24	100	10.41
KwaZulu-Natal	74	40	54.05	100	14.65
Total	273	132	48.35	100	48.35
Districts
Vhembe	48	21	43.73	100	7.69	15.3765	0.0001*
Capricorn	37	12	32.43	100	4.39
Mopani	13	03	23.08	100	1.10
Waterberg	10	03	30.00	100	1.10
Gert Sibande	69	42	60.87	100	15.38
Ehlanzeni	22	11	50.00	100	4.03
Zululand	46	23	50.00	100	8.43
Harry Gwala	28	17	60.71	100	6.23
Total	273	132	48.35	100	48.35

*Significant relationship (not independent) (P < 0.05).

Table 2. Effect of breed and body frame size on calving and survival rate of cows under communal and emerging farming systems.

Variables	Number of cows inseminated	Number of cows calved	Calving rate	Survival rate	Contribution towards calving	Chi-Square value	P-value
Breed type
Bonsmara	56	26	46.43	100	9.52	2.0089	0.3662
Brahman	30	16	53.33	100	5.86
Nguni	177	84	47.46	100	30.77
Other^ǂ	10	06	60.00	100	2.20
Total	273	132	48.35	100	48.35
Body frame size
Small	53	53	26	100	8.43	4.9067	0.0860
Medium	212	203	111	100	35.89
Large	17	17	14	100	4.03
Total	282	273	151	100	48.35

Notes: Other* = (Afrikaner = 2, Drakensberg = 3, Simmentaler = 1 and non-descript = 4).

Table 3. Effect of parity and age on calving and survival rate of cows under communal and emerging farming systems.

Variables	Number of cows inseminated	Number of cows calved	Calving rate	Survival rate	Contribution towards calving	Chi-Square value	P-value
Parity
First	98	45	45.92	100	16.48	1.5090	0.8251
Second	74	36	48.65	100	13.19
Third	47	23	48.94	100	8.43
Fourth	22	14	63.64	100	5.13
Fifth+	07	05	71.43	100	1.83
Unknown	25	09	36.00	100	3.29
Total	273	132	48.35	100	48.35
Age (years)
4	104	104	48.08	100	21.98	2.0669	0.8398
5	49	49	48.98	100	8.79
6	53	53	45.28	100	9.52
7	24	24	54.17	100	6.23
8+	18	18	66.67	100	5.50
Unknown	25	25	36.00	100	3.29
Total	273	273	48.35	100	55.31

Table 4. Effect of body condition score and lactation status on calving and survival rate of cows under communal and emerging farming systems.

Variables	Number of cows inseminated	Number of cows calved	Calving rate	Survival rate	Contribution towards calving	Chi-Square value	P-value
Body condition score
≤2.5	65	39	60.00	100	14.28	9.8982	0.0076*
3	176	76	43.18	100	27.84
≥3.5	32	17	53.12	100	6.23
Total	273	132	48.35	100	48.35
Lactation status
Dry	172	172	98	100	30.77	1.4151	0.2342
Lactating	101	101	53	100	17.58
Total	273	273	151	100	48.35

*Significant relationship (not independent) (P < 0.05).

Table 5. The odd ratios, intercepts and the significance of the different explanatory variable when modelling the probability of calving.

	Parameter	Estimate	Standard error	Pr > Chi Square	Odds ratio
Intercept		7.5419	2.2269	0.0070
Province	KwaZulu-Natal	0.4448	0.6971	0.5340	0.537
Province	Limpopo	−0.5114	0.6403	0.0183*	0.076
Province	Mpumalanga	0.00
Breed	Bonsmara	0.3939	0.6038	0.5142	1.630
Breed	Brahman	−0.2989	0.7044	0.6713	0.815
Breed	Nguni	0.00
Frame	Large	−0.7603	1.2680	0.5488	0.119
Frame	Medium	−0.6120	0.6849	0.3715	0.137
Frame	Small	0.00
Parity	Parity	1.4069	0.6541	0.0315*	4.083
Age	Age	−1.4047	0.5476	0.0103*	0.245
BCS	≤2.5	0.5754	0.8226	0.4843	3.002
BCS	3	−0.0516	0.5187	0.9207	1.603
BCS	≥3.5	0.00
Lactation status	Dry	−0.5177	0.4219	0.2197	0.355
Lactation status	Lactating	0.00

*Significant difference (P < 0.05).