Anticoccidial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Basal composition of feed during the starter and finisher phase.

Ingredients	Starter	Finisher
Corn	53.21	60.75
Soybean meal	37.92	25.00
Corn gluten meal	2.00	7.10
Corn oil	2.20	2.80
Dicalcium phosphate	2.30	2.05
Limestone	0.83	0.68
Salt	0.45	0.50
VM Mix^a	0.50	0.50
DL-Methionine	0.20	0.10
Lysine-HCl	0.22	0.37
Threonine	0.11	0.10
Choline chloride	0.05	0.05
Chemical composition
ME, kcal/kg	3000	3150
Crude protein, %	23.5	21.30
Methionine, %	0.55	0.44
Lysine, %	1.42	1.23
Sulphur amino acids, %	0.96	0.80
Threonine, %	0.95	0.85
Calcium, %	1.05	0.90
Phosphorus, %	0.50	0.45

^aVitamin-mineral premix contains in the following per kg: vitamin A, 2,400,000 IU; vitamin D, 1,000,000 IU; vitamin E, 16,000 IU; vitamin K, 800 mg; vitamin B1, 600 mg; vitamin B₂, 1600 mg; vitamin B₆, 1000 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 6 mg; niacin, 8000 mg; folic acid, 400 mg; pantothenic acid, 3000 mg; biotin 40 mg; antioxidant, 3000 mg; cobalt, 80 mg; copper, 2000 mg; iodine, 400; iron, 1200 mg; manganese, 18,000 mg; selenium, 60 mg, and zinc, 14,000 mg.

Table 2. Mean feed intake (g) of control and treated groups fed with ginger and garlic in coccidiosis induced birds.

Groups	2nd week	3rd week	4th week	5th week	6th week	Overall
T1	356.3^a ± 1.45	601.7^a ± 3.48	691.3^ab ± 1.76	846.0^a ± 3.46	1113.7^a ± 3.17	3609^a ± 1.81
T2	336^c  ± 3.05	555.93^c ± 5.06	547.33^c ± 4.66	729.33^e ± 6.35	1007.0^d ± 5.29	3175.6^e ± 0.74
T3	335.0^c ± 2.08	551.3^c ± 2.40	679.3^ab ± 4.48	838.0^ab ± 4.35	1031.3^c ± 6.06	3434.9^d ± 0.72
T4	339.5^c ± 7.50	560.3^c ± 0.88	692.7^a ± 9.38	848.33^a ± 0.66	1095.7^b ± 4.80	3536.5^b ± 2.70
T5	345.5^ab ± 3.63	582.0^b ± 4.35	688.3^ab ± 3.52	823.7^bc ± 1.45	1111.7^a ± 2.84	3551.2^b ± 0.86
T6	344.3^bc ± 2.40	575.0^b ± 7.93	676.7^b ± 2.40	795.3^d ± 1.45	1099.7^ab ± 4.70	3491^c ± 0.30
P-value	0.0210	0.0005	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Notes: Mean values bearing different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P < .05).

T1: Negative control; T2: Positive control; T3: Garlic; T4: Ginger; T5: Amprolium; T6: Garlic and ginger.

Table 3. Mean body weight (g) of control and treated groups fed with ginger and garlic in coccidiosis induced birds.

Group	2nd week	3rd week	4th week	5th week	6th week	Overall
T1	311.53^a ± 1.76	409^a ± 4.16	422.33^bc ± 3.38	485^a ± 2.88	676.66^a ± 9.27	2304.52^a ± 0.96
T2	282.53^c ± 1.76	356.67^d ± 2.40	275^d ± 7.63	333.33^c ± 14.24	413.66^e ± 9.49	1661.2^e ± 5.93
T3	281.13^c ± 2.13	396.67^b ± 2.33	468.33^a ± 8.33	454.67^b ± 3.17	525.00^c ± 5.00	2125.8^c ± 2.32
T4	280.53^c ± 2.72	364.33^d ± 0.88	439.66^b ± 6.76	432.33^b ± 1.45	503^cd ± 11.06	2019.85^d ± 1.47
T5	297.2^b ± 3.05	394.66^b ± 2.40	410^c ± 8.66	446.66^b ± 16.66	649.33^b ± 4.70	2197.85^b ± 2.82
T6	292.2^bc ± 1.47	383.33^c ± 3.92	414^c ± 10.97	431.66^b ± 6.00	498.33^d ± 4.40	2019.52^d ± 1.23
P value	0.0015	0.0005	0.0075	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Notes: Mean values bearing different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P < .05).

T1: Negative control; T2: Positive control; T3: Garlic; T4: Ginger; T5: Amprolium; T6: Garlic and ginger.

Table 4. Mean FCR (g/g) of control and treated groups fed with ginger and garlic in coccidiosis induced birds.

Group	2nd week	3rd week	4th week	5th week	6th week	Overall
T1	1.14 ± 0.74	1.46^c ± 0.66	1.63^bc ± 0.01	1.97^c ± 0.81	1.94^d ± 0.02	1.88^e ± 0.69
T2	1.18 ± 0.01	1.56^a ± 0.01	1.98^a ± 0.06	2.19^a ± 0.10	2.43^a ± 0.04	1.98^a ± 0.04
T3	1.19 ± 0.01	1.50^b ± 0.66	1.54^cd ± 0.02	1.84^bc ± 0.81	2.03^c ± 0.04	1.97^bc ± 0.52
T4	1.15 ± 3.33	1.46^c ± 0.01	1.97^b ± 0.02	2.04^bc ± 0.06	2.01^d ± 0.66	1.91^de ± 0.01
T5	1.20 ± 0.03	1.41^d ± 0.77	1.47^d ± 0.04	1.86^bc ± 0.03	2.08^c ± 0.02	1.92^cd ± 0.01
T6	1.17 ± 0.01	1.49^bc ± 0.02	1.64^bc ± 0.03	1.93^b ± 0.03	2.22^b ± 0.02	1.95^b ± 0.00
P value	0.0782	0.0071	0.0000	0.0005	0.0000	0.0000

Notes: Mean values bearing different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P < .05).

T1: Negative control; T2: Positive control; T3: Garlic; T4: Ginger; T5: Amprolium; T6: Garlic and ginger.

Table 5. Mean oocyst per gram of faeces in control and treated groups in coccidiosis induced birds.

Groups	5-dpi	7-dpi	9-dpi	11-dpi
T1	0.00^f ± 0.00	0.00^f ± 0.00	0.00^f ± 0.00	0.00^e ± 0.00
T2	1144.3^a ± 18.47	1338.3^a ± 9.76	940.67^a ± 8.45	555.00^a ± 6.02
T3	828.33^d ± 6.83	924.67^d ± 7.42	650.67^d ± 16.82	232.33^c ± 4.97
T4	929.33^c ± 8.76	1063.0^c ± 4.58	723.67^c ± 6.74	328.00^b ± 7.02
T5	671.00^e ± 16.52	634.67^e ± 28.66	352.00^e ± 13.85	172.33^d ± 22.25
T6	967.67^b ± 5.81	1114.7^b ± 4.17	819.33^b ± 17.42	353.00^b ± 2.08
P value	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Notes: Mean values bearing different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P < .05).

T1: Negative control; T2: Positive control; T3: Garlic; T4: Ginger; T5: Amprolium; T6: Garlic and ginger.

Figure 1. Negative control (A); Amprolium treated (B); Garlic treated (C); Ginger treated (D); Ginger and garlic treated (E); positive control (F) H & E stain (40 X) n = 100 µm.

Table 6. Mean lesion score of control and treated groups fed with ginger and garlic in coccidiosis induced birds.

Groups	Haemorrhages	Thickness of intestine	Congestion
		0	0
T2	+++	++	++
T3	+	+	+
T4	++	+	+
T5	+	+	0
T6	++	++	+

Notes: (0 = no lesion) (+=mild changes) (++=moderate changes) (+++=severe changes).

T1: Negative control; T2: Positive control; T3: Garlic; T4: Ginger; T5: Amprolium; T6: Garlic and ginger.

Table 7. Mean mortality (%) of control and treated groups fed with ginger and garlic in coccidiosis induced birds.

Groups	Mean ± SE
T1	0.00^b ± 0.00
T2	7.00^a ± 0.57
T3	0.00^b ± 0.00
T4	0.66^b ± 0.33
T5	0.00^b ± 0.00
T6	1.00^b ± 0.57
P. value	0.0000

Notes: Mean values bearing different superscripts in the same column differ significantly (P < .05).

T1: Negative control; T2: Positive control; T3: Garlic; T4: Ginger; T5: Amprolium; T6: Garlic and ginger.