Effects of different methionine sources on growth performance, meat yield and blood characteristics in broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of the starter diet.

Ingredients	DLM	MHA-FA			MHA-Ca
		100%	90%	80%	100%	90%	80%
Maize	44.156	43.970	43.858	43.776	43.936	44.264	44.202
Wheat	11.400	11.440	11.480	11.500	11.460	11.220	11.240
Wheat flour	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000
Soybean meal	22.540	22.540	22.560	22.560	22.540	22.560	22.560
Rapeseed meal	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000
Corn gluten meal	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000
Poultry byproduct	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500
Full fat soybean	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000
Soybean oil	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500
Animal fat	3.160	3.280	3.300	3.320	3.280	3.240	3.260
Salt	0.240	0.240	0.240	0.240	0.240	0.240	0.240
MDCP	1.520	1.520	1.520	1.520	1.520	1.520	1.520
Limestone	1.420	1.420	1.420	1.420	1.420	1.320	1.300
Sodium bicarbonate	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160
Threonine, 98%	0.100	0.098	0.098	0.098	0.098	0.096	0.096
DL-methionine, 99%	0.266	-	-	-	-	-	-
MHA-FA, 88% (Liquid)	-	0.294	0.326	0.368	-	-	-
MHA-Ca, 84% (Solid)	-	-	-	-	0.308	0.342	0.384
L-lysine sulphate, 54%	0.598	0.598	0.598	0.598	0.598	0.598	0.598
Choline-Cl, 50%	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060
Vitamin premix^1	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140
Mineral premix^2	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140
Probiotics	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100
Total	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000
Chemical composition
AMEn (kcal/kg)	3,050	3,050	3,050	3,050	3,050	3,050	3,050
Crude protein (%)	21.80	21.80	21.80	21.80	21.80	21.80	21.80
Calcium (%)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Available P (%)	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45
Lysine (%)	1.24	1.24	1.24	1.24	1.24	1.24	1.24
Met + Cys (%)	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.97

Notes: DLM, DL-methionine 99%; MHA-FA, methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca, methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt.

¹Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 12,600 IU; vitamin D₃, 3,080 IU; vitamin E, 42 IU; vitamin K₃, 2.8 mg; thiamin 2.8 mg; riboflavin, 7.28 mg; niacin 42 mg; pantothenic acid, 14 mg; pyridoxine, 4.2 mg; folacin, 1.4 mg; biotin, 0.13 mg; cyanocobalamin, 0.028 mg.

²Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: cobalt, 0.53 mg; copper, 6.75 mg; manganese, 97.5 mg; selenium, 0.2 mg; zinc, 90 mg.

Table 2. Ingredient and chemical composition of the finisher diet.

Ingredients	DLM	MHA-FA			MHA-Ca
		100%	90%	80%	100%	90%	80%
Maize	47.566	47.566	47.486	47.418	47.538	47.776	47.728
Wheat	10.880	10.780	10.800	10.820	10.800	10.640	10.640
Wheat flour	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000	3.000
SBM, imported	20.200	20.200	20.220	20.220	20.200	20.220	20.220
Rapeseed meal	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000
Corn gluten meal	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000	5.000
Poultry byproduct	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500	1.500
Full fat soybean	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000	2.000
Soybean oil	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500	0.500
Animal fat	3.120	3.200	3.220	3.240	3.200	3.160	3.180
Salt	0.242	0.242	0.242	0.242	0.242	0.242	0.242
MDCP	1.400	1.400	1.400	1.400	1.400	1.400	1.400
Limestone	1.360	1.360	1.360	1.360	1.360	1.280	1.280
Sodium bicarbonate	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160
Threonine, 98%	0.038	0.038	0.038	0.038	0.038	0.038	0.038
DL-methionine, 99%	0.172	-	-	-	-	-	-
MHA-FA, 88% (Liquid)	-	0.192	0.212	0.240	-	-	-
MHA-Ca, 84% (Solid)	-	-	-	-	0.200	0.222	0.250
L-lysine sulphate, 54%	0.422	0.422	0.422	0.422	0.422	0.422	0.422
Choline-Cl, 50%	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060	0.060
Vitamin mix^1	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140
Mineral mix^2	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140	0.140
Probiotics	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100	0.100
Total	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000	100.000
Chemical composition
AMEn (kcal/kg)	3,100	3,100	3,100	3,100	3,100	3,100	3,100
Crude protein (%)	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
Calcium (%)	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85
Available P (%)	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42
Lysine (%)	1.09	1.09	1.09	1.09	1.09	1.09	1.09
Met + Cys (%)	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86

Notes: DLM, DL-methionine 99%; MHA-FA, Methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca, methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt.

¹Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 12,600 IU; vitamin D₃, 3,080 IU; vitamin E, 42 IU; vitamin K₃, 2.8 mg; thiamin 2.8 mg; riboflavin, 7.28 mg; niacin 42 mg; pantothenic acid, 14 mg; pyridoxine, 4.2 mg; folacin, 1.4 mg; biotin, 0.13 mg; cyanocobalamin, 0.028 mg.

²Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: cobalt, 0.53 mg; copper, 6.75 mg; manganese, 97.5 mg; selenium, 0.2 mg; zinc, 90 mg.

Table 3. Treatment arrangement.

Methionine sources	Active substance (%)	Starter		Finisher
		Addition level (%)	Bioavailability (%)	Addition level (%)	Bioavailability (%)
DLM	99	0.266	-	0.172	-
MHA-FA	88	0.294	100	0.192	100
MHA-FA	88	0.326	90	0.212	90
MHA-FA	88	0.368	80	0.240	80
MHA-Ca	84	0.308	100	0.200	100
MHA-Ca	84	0.342	90	0.222	90
MHA-Ca	84	0.384	80	0.250	80

Notes: DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = Methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt.

Table 4. Effect of different methionine sources on growth performance in broiler chickens.

Measures	DLM	MHA-FA			MHA-Ca			Pooled SEM	p-value
		100%	90%	80%	100%	90%	80%		Treat	MHA	Dose	MHA × dose
Initial BW, g/bird	42.5	42.4	42.5	42.1	42.1	42.7	42.3	0.163	NS	NS	NS	NS
1–21 d BW, g/bird	728^b	572^a	747^b	715^b	704^b	737^b	696^b	17.15	**	0.061	**	**
Final BW, g/bird	1827^b	1610^a	1889^b	1837^b	1831^b	1871^b	1810^b	27.99	**	*	**	**
Feed intake, g/d/bird
1–21 d	52.1^a	48.0^b	52.3^a	52.1^a	50.5^ab	52.2^a	49.9^ab	0.605	**	NS	**	*
22–35 d	148.3	153.0	148.2	154.5	150.2	150.5	151.8	1.89	NS	NS	NS	NS
1–35 d	90.6	90.0	90.7	93.0	90.4	91.5	90.7	0.465	NS	NS	NS	NS
BW gain, g/d/bird
1–21 d	32.7^a	25.3^b	33.5^a	32.4^a	31.5^a	35.1^a	33.1^a	0.859	**	**	**	*
22–35 d	75.5^ab	71.0^b	78.6^a	77.1^ab	77.5^ab	77.9^a	76.6^ab	1.304	*	NS	NS	*
1–35 d	51.0^a	44.8^b	52.8^a	51.3^a	51.1^a	52.2^a	50.5^a	0.799	**	*	**	**
FCR, g/g
1–21 d	1.60^b	1.91^a	1.56^b	1.62^b	1.62^b	1.49^b	1.51^b	0.036	**	**	**	**
22–35 d	1.97^b	2.15^a	1.89^b	2.01^b	1.94^b	1.93^b	1.99^b	0.029	**	*	**	**
1–35 d	1.78^b	2.01^a	1.72^b	1.82^b	1.77^b	1.75^b	1.80^b	0.027	**	**	**	**

Notes: DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt, SEM = standard error of the means, BW = body weight, FCR = feed conversion ratio. Significantly (*: p < 0.05; *: p < 0.01) different than that of control and other treatments.

^a-bValues with different superscripts within a row significantly differ (p < 0.05).

Figure 1. Effect of different methionine sources on mortality in broiler chickens data are expressed as means ± SD, n = 5. Asterisk (*) denotes significantly increased mortality in the MHA-FA compared with MHA-Ca group (p < 0.05). DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt.

Figure 2. Effect of different methionine sources on production index in broiler chickens data are expressed as means ± SD, n = 5. Letters (a,b) indicate a significant different between treatments (p < 0.05). Asterisk (*) denotes significantly elevated production index in the MHA-Ca compared with MHA-FA group (p < 0.05). DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt.

Table 5. Effect of different methionine sources on meats, abdominal fat, and organ weights in broiler chickens at 5 weeks of age.

Measures	DLM	MHA-FA			MHA-Ca			Pooled SEM	p-value
		100%	90%	80%	100%	90%	80%		Treat	MHA	Dose	MHA × dose
Breast muscle, g/100 g BW	9.45	9.01	9.51	9.66	9.19	9.76	9.14	0.183	NS	NS	NS	NS
Thigh muscle, g/100 g BW	6.46	6.69	6.47	6.59	6.56	6.67	6.51	0.310	NS	NS	NS	NS
Abdominal fat, g/100 g BW	1.50	1.21	1.36	1.38	1.37	1.27	1.45	0.079	NS	NS	NS	NS
Liver, g/100 g BW	2.49	2.52	2.41	2.44	2.39	2.53	2.41	0.076	NS	NS	NS	NS

Notes: DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt, BW = body weight, SEM = standard error of the means. Significantly (*: p < 0.05; *: p < 0.01) different than that of control and other treatments.

Figure 3. Effect of different methionine sources on serum immunoglobulin A (panel A) and nitric oxide (panel B) in broiler chickens data are expressed as means ± SD, n = 5. Letters (a,b) indicate a significant different between treatments (p < 0.05). Asterisk (*) denotes significantly elevated production index in the MHA-Ca compared with MHA-FA group (p < 0.05). DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt.

Table 6. Effect of different methionine sources on blood characteristics in broiler chickens at 5 weeks of age.

Measures	DLM	MHA-FA			MHA-Ca			Pooled SEM	p-value
		100%	90%	80%	100%	90%	80%		Treat	MHA	Dose	MHA × dose
Potassium, mmol/L	8.16	8.76	8.90	8.68	9.38	9.04	8.44	0.382	NS	NS	NS	NS
Sodium, mmol/L	143.4^c	154.4^ab	154.0^b	157.2^ab	163.0^a	151.6^bc	150.0^bc	2.155	**	NS	*	**
GOT, IU/L	225.0^b	226.4^b	271.2^ab	268.8^ab	292.3^a	294.0^a	236.8^ab	13.115	**	NS	NS	**
GPT, IU/L	1.80	1.60	2.60	2.00	3.20	2.40	2.00	0.529	NS	NS	NS	NS
Glucose, mg/dL	168.2^b	199.8^ab	199.8^ab	199.2^ab	220.8^a	191.0^ab	183.4^ab	10.359	*	NS	NS	NS
Cholesterol, mg/dL	98.6^c	126.8^ab	131.8^ab	133.2^ab	150.4^a	123.6^b	130.4^ab	5.605	**	NS	NS	*
Triglycerides, mg/dL	47.8	48.4	49.0	51.2	58.6	47.4	49.8	4.656	NS	NS	NS	NS

Notes: DLM = DL-methionine, MHA-FA = methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid, MHA-Ca = methionine hydroxyl analogue calcium salt, GOT = glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GPT = glutamic pyruvic transaminase, SEM = standard error of the means. Significantly (*: p < 0.05; *: p < 0.01) different than that of control and other treatments.

^a-cValues with different superscripts within a row significantly differ (p < 0.05).