Ions composition of waste water after reverse osmosis filtration of drinking water: risk analysis and contribution to mineral nutrition

Figures & data

Table 1. Cation concentration (mg/L) of wastewater after reverse osmosis filtration treatment.

Filtration/sample	Na	K	Ca
1	590.00	2.88	104.66
2	1213.33	1.20	212.00
3	638.33	2.26	113.0
4	516.66	0.92	107.00
5	750.00	4.13	193.00
6	185.66	2.55	53.50
7	136.33	7.20	122.83
8	516.67	0.50	100.83
9	650.00	0.167	129.17
10	392.50	0.15	92.5
Statistics
Mean	558.95	2.20	123.15
SD	303.58	2.19	47.41
CV%	54.31	99.7	38.50

Table 2. Anion concentration (mg/L) of wastewater after reverse osmosis filtration treatment.

Filtration sample	F	Cl	NO2	NO3	PO4	SO4
1	0.63	439.52	ND	13.47	ND	258.65
2	3.42	600.68	ND	13.03	ND	504.41
3	0.52	424.03	ND	10.87	ND	224.05
4	ND^a	354.50	ND	7.85	ND	129.86
5	1.70	328.86	ND	11.75	ND	181.61
6	ND	188.30	ND	11.66	ND	75.66
7	ND	267.38	ND	12.58	ND	135.44
8	ND	278.72	ND	10.50	ND	286.08
9	0.58	423.86	ND	11.92	ND	249.74
10	ND	270.88	ND	12.38	ND	144.31
Statistics
Mean	137	357.67	–^b	11.61	–	218.98
SD	1.24	118.31	–	1.60	–	120.62
CV%	90.78	33.07	–	13.78	–	55.08

^aNot detected.

^bNot measured.

Table 3. Minimum and maximum cations and anions concentrations (mg/L) measured in wastewater, and comparison to maximum acceptable concentrations in poultry.

Minerals	Minimum (mg/L)	Maximum (mg/L)	Maximum acceptable level (mg/L)^a	Reference
Na	136.33	1213.33	150	Watkins (2008)^a
K	0.15	7.20	250	Kamphues et al. (2007)^b
Ca	53.50	212.0	500	Kamphues et al. (2007)^b
Cl	188.30	600.68	150	Watkins (2008)^a
F	0.52	3.42	0.30	Watkins (2008)^a
NO3	7.85	13.47	25	Watkins (2008)^a
SO4	75.66	504.41	200	Watkins (2008)^a

*Not established.

^aAdapted from Watkins (2008).

^bAdapted from Beede (2006).

Table 4. Minimum and maximum cations and anions concentrations (mg/L) measured in wastewater and comparison to maximum acceptable concentrations in some farm animals.

Minerals	Minimum(mg/L)	Maximum (mg/L)	Maximum acceptable level (mg/L) in cattle^f	Maximum acceptable level (mg/L) in swine	Maximum acceptable level (mg/L) in fish
Na	136.33	1213.33	2000	400^e	2–100^c
K	0.15	7.20	–*	20e	5–10^c
Ca	53.50	212.0	1000	1000^d	4–160^a/ more than 20^b
Cl	188.30	600.68	3000	1500^e	1–100c, 1000 (10X of NO3)^b
F	0.52 (zero)	3.42	2	2^d	3^b
NO3	7.85	13.47	44	100^d	100^a
SO4	75.66	504.41	500–1000	1000^d	5–100^c

^aBhatnagar and Devi (2013)

^bStone et al. (2013)

^cBoyd (1998)

^dTFWQG (1987)

^eMarx and Jaikaran (2007)

^fBeede (2006); National Research Council (1974), 1980).

Table 5. Estimates of daily feed intake (gram/day), daily free water intake (kg/day), daily macroions requirement (g/day) and daily drinking water ions contribution (represented as g/day and/or as % of daily requirement) for broilers at different growth stage.

Estimates	Broiler age (weeks)^a
	3	5	7
Feed intake	67	121	168
Water intake^b	0.104	0.179	0.250
Macroion
Ca requirement^a	0.67	1.09	1.34
Minimal Ca contribution	0.006 (0.89%)	0.01 (0.92%)	0.01 (0.75%)
Maximum Ca contribution	0.02 (3.00%)	0.04 (3.76%)	0.05 (3.73%)
K requirement^a	0.20	0.36	0.50
Minimal K contribution	<0.0001 (<0.05%)	<0.0001 (<0.05%)	<0.0001 (0.05%)
Maximum K contribution	<0.001 (0.50%)	0.001 (0.27%)	0.002 (0.50%)
Na requirement^a	0.13	0.18	0.20
Minimal Na contribution	0.01 (7.69%)	0.02 (11.11%)	0.03 (15.00%)
Maximum Na contribution	0.12 (92.30%)	0.22 (122.22%)	0.30 (150.00%)
Cl requirement^a	0.13	0.18	0.20
Minimal Cl contribution	0.02 (15.38%)	0.03 (16.66%)	0.05 (25%)
Maximum Cl contribution	0.06 (46.15%)	0.11 (61.11%)	0.15 (75.00%)

^aThe data presented apply for environmental temperatures of about 21°C.

^bEstimate of daily feed intake, daily free water intake and ions requirements were obtained from Poultry (NRC 1994).

Watkins S. 2008. Water: identifying and correcting challenges. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Services. Avian Advice. 10(3):10–15.

 Google Scholar

Kamphues J , Böhm; R , Flachowsky G , Lahrssen-Wiederholt M , Meyer U , Schenkel H. 2007. Empfehlungen zur Beurteilung der hygienischen Qualität von Tränkwasser für Lebensmittel liefernde Tiere unter Berücksichtigung der gegebenen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen (Recommendations for evaluating the hygienic quality of drinking water for food producing animals in accordance with current regulating frame work). Landbauforschung Völkenrode. 57:255–272.

 Google Scholar

Beede DK. 2006. Evaluation of water quality and nutrition for Dairy cattle. Proc. high Plains Dairy Conference; 129–153. Lubbock, TX, USA.

 Google Scholar

Bhatnagar A , Devi P. 2013. Water quality guidelines for the management of pond fish culture. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 3:1980–2009.

 Google Scholar

Stone N , Shelton JL , Haggard BE , Thomforde HK. 2013. Interpretation of water analysis reports for fish culture. SRAC Publication No. 4606.

 Google Scholar

Boyd CE. 1998. Water quality for pond aquaculture. Research and development series no. 43. International center for aquaculture and aquatic environments, Alabama agricultural experiment station, Auburn University, Alabama.

 Google Scholar

TFWQG . 1987. Task force on water quality guidelines. livestock watering. Pp. 4-23–4-37 in Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Inland Waters Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario.

 Google Scholar

Marx T , Jaikaran S. 2007. Water analysis interpretation for livestock. Practical Information for Alberta Agriculture Industry. Agdex 400/716-2.

 Google Scholar

National ResearchCouncil . 1974. Nutrients and toxic substances in water for livestock and poultry. Washington, DC : National Academy Press.

 Google Scholar

National Research Council . 1980. Mineral tolerance of domestic animals. Washington, DC : National Academy Press.

 Google Scholar

NRC . 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry, Ninth Revised Edition. Washington, DC : National Academy Press.

 Google Scholar