Effects of Clostridium butyricum and corn bran supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal volatile fatty acids and microbiota in weaned pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Analysed chemical composition of corn bran used in the experiment (g/kg, as-fed basis).

Items	Corn bran
Gross energy (MJ/kg)	17.3
Dry matter	921
Crude protein	138
Acid hydrolysed ether extract	39
Ash	25
Total dietary fibre	541
Soluble dietary fibre	60
Insoluble dietary fibre	481
Water-binding capacity (g/g)	42
Rhamnose	12
Arabinose	88
Xylose	147
Mannose	12
Galactose	8
Glucose	117
Uronic acids	16
Total non-starch polysaccharides	398

Table 2. Ingredients and analysed chemical compositions of the experimental diets (g/kg, as-fed basis).

Items	Diets
	Control	Corn bran
Corn	556.0	508.9
Soybean meal	122.0	115.0
Corn bran	–	50.0
Whey powder	100.0	100.0
Fish meal	30.0	30.0
Plasma protein powder	20.0	20.0
Soy protein concentrate	40.0	40.0
Extruded full-fat soybean	50.0	50.0
Surcose	20.0	20.0
Soybean oil	21.0	24.0
Dicalcium phosphate	12.0	12.0
Limestone	7.5	7.5
NaCl	2.0	2.0
L-Lysine-HCl	4.5	4.7
DL-Methionine	2.0	2.2
L-Threonine	1.5	1.8
L-Tryptophan	1.0	1.2
L-Valine	2.0	2.2
Chromic oxide	2.5	2.5
Zinc oxide	1.0	1.0
Premix^a	5.0	5.0
Calculated nutrient levels (g/kg)
Digestible energy (MJ/kg)	14.8	14.8
SID^b Lys	13.5	13.5
SID Met	5.00	5.00
SID Thr	8.00	8.00
SID Trp	3.00	3.00
Analysed nutrient levels (g/kg)
Gross energy (MJ/kg)	16.76	16.92
Dry matter	891	894
Organic matter	829	831
Crude protein	191	191
Acid hydrolysed ether extract	61.7	62.9
Total dietary fibre	173	208
Carbohydrate	587	579
Water-binding capacity	2.70	2.80
Calcium	8.00	8.00
Phosphorus	6.50	6.50

^aVitamin and mineral premix provided the following per kg of complete diet: vitamin A, 12,000 IU; vitamin D₃, 3000 IU; vitamin E, 30 IU; vitamin K₃, 2.5 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 20 μg; riboflavin, 4.0 mg; pantothenic acid, 12.5 mg; niacin, 40 mg; choline chloride, 400 mg; folacin, 0.7 mg; thiamine 2.5 mg; pyridoxine 3.0 mg; biotin, 70 μg; Mn, 30 mg (MnO); Fe, 100 mg (FeSO₄·H₂O); Zn, 80 mg (ZnO); Cu, 90 mg (CuSO₄·5H₂O); I, 0.25 mg (KI); Se, 0.15 mg (Na₂SeO₃).

^bSID = standardized ileal digestibility.

Table 3. Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) and corn bran supplementation on growth performance and diarrhoea rate in weaned pigs^a.

Items	Corn bran		CB		SEM	p-value
	Basal	Corn bran	0%	0.1%		Corn bran	CB	Interaction
1–14 d
ADFI (g/d)	476	474	476	475	25	0.96	0.95	0.96
ADG (g)	300	313	303	320	18	0.63	0.29	0.62
G/F (%)	0.62	0.66	0.63	0.68	0.06	0.23	0.16	0.22
Diarrhoea rate (%)	4.05	2.98	3.81	3.22	0.52	0.14	0.59	0.43
Faeces score	2.59	2.70	2.72	2.58	0.06	0.70	0.89	0.94
15–28 d
ADFI (g/d)	680	662	673	669	18	0.57	0.90	0.90
ADG (g)	432	420	419	443	7	0.25	0.03	0.26
G/F (%)	0.63	0.63	0.62	0.66	0.05	0.95	0.07	0.46
Diarrhoea rate (%)	1.51	1.67	1.85	1.33	0.70	0.69	0.32	0.57
Faeces score	2.24	2.33	2.30	2.26	0.04	0.89	0.91	0.91
1–28 d
ADFI (g/d)	560	561	567	554	21	0.86	0.85	0.72
ADG (g)	361	361	358	370	14	0.99	0.42	0.32
G/F (%)	0.65	0.65	0.63	0.67	0.04	0.69	0.08	0.11
Diarrhoea rate (%)	2.78	2.37	2.85	2.30	1.28	0.50	0.42	0.36
Faeces score	2.37	2.49	2.45	2.49	0.05	0.80	0.88	0.98

^aData represent least square means based on six replicates per treatment. ADFI, average daily feed intake; ADG, average daily gain; G/F, gain/feed ratio.

Table 4. Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) and corn bran supplementation on ATTD of nutrients in weaned pigs^a.

ATTD (%)	Corn bran		CB		SEM	p-value
	Basal	Corn bran	0%	0.1%		Corn bran	CB	Interaction
GE	82.1	80.4	81.2	81.4	0.8	0.16	0.68	0.87
DM	82.8	81.2	81.8	82.2	0.7	0.04	0.60	0.88
OM	84.7	83.1	83.3	85.3	0.7	0.02	0.03	0.91
CP	80.2	77.9	79.2	78.9	2.3	0.05	0.98	0.90
AEE	73.4	73.2	71.9	73.7	1.2	0.98	0.22	0.85
TDF	61.2	62.3	61.4	62.4	1.7	0.92	0.38	0.89
CHO	88.1	85.7	87.1	86.6	1.0	0.03	0.61	0.96

^aData represent least square means based on six replicates per treatment. GE, gross energy; DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP, crude protein; AEE, acid hydrolysed ether extract; TDF, total dietary fibre; CHO, carbohydrate.

Table 5. Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) and corn bran supplementation on serum characteristics in weaned pigs^a.

Items	Corn bran		CB		SEM	p-value
	Basal	Corn bran	0%	0.1%		Corn bran	CB	Interaction
GLU (mmol/L)	5.90	5.70	5.80	5.80	0.23	0.39	0.89	0.27
UREA (mmol/L)	3.10	2.80	3.50	2.50	0.43	0.87	0.06	0.71
CREA (umol/L)	78.1	81.7	82.5	77.3	3.6	0.33	0.17	0.47
TP (g/L)	56.2	59.2	57.9	57.5	2.1	0.13	0.84	0.88
Alb (umol/L)	23.0	24.7	23.6	24.1	0.9	0.27	0.72	0.38
Glo (umol/L)	33.1	34.5	34.3	33.4	2.4	0.57	0.72	0.69
TG (mmol/L)	0.70	0.80	0.70	0.80	0.09	0.31	0.39	0.43
TC (mmol/L)	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	0.23	0.72	0.84	0.71
SOD (U/ml)	111	123	111	128	5	0.28	0.03	0.56
T-AOC (U/ml)	4.50	4.80	4.00	5.20	0.72	0.36	0.01	0.81
ALT (U/L)	53.8	48.6	53.9	48.5	7.3	0.44	0.33	0.13
AST (U/L)	61.0	69.9	64.8	66.1	6.4	0.56	0.53	0.70
ALP (U/L)	60.6	63.2	63.5	60.3	5.0	0.71	0.65	0.20

^aData represent least square means based on six replicates per treatment. GLU, glucose; urea, serum urea nitrogen; CREA, creatinine; TP, total protein; Alb, albumin; Glo, globulin; TG, total triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; SOD, superoxide dismutase; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; ALT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; AST, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.

Table 6. Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) and corn bran supplementation on faecal VFA (mg/g) in weaned pigs^a.

Items	Corn bran		CB		SEM	p-value
	Basal	Corn bran	0%	0.1%		Corn bran	CB	Interaction
Total VFA	7.28	8.17	8.38	9.12	0.29	0.08	0.07	0.43
Acetate	3.19	3.44	3.65	3.57	0.12	0.79	0.51	0.37
Propionate	2.07	2.14	2.33	2.98	0.07	0.87	0.06	0.71
Butyrate	1.21	1.74	1.44	2.11	0.06	0.03	0.01	0.78
Valerate	0.45	0.47	0.55	0.47	0.04	0.69	0.66	0.69

^aData represent least square means based on six replicates per treatment.

Table 7. Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum (CB) and corn bran supplementation on faecal microbiota (log cfu/g wet faeces) in weaned pigs^a.

Items	Corn bran		CB		SEM	p-value
	Control	Corn bran	0%	0.1%		Corn bran	CB	Interaction
Total bacterial	13.63	13.77	13.56	13.83	0.92	0.44	0.12	0.66
Lactobacillus	7.58	7.75	7.33	8.00	0.25	0.61	0.01	0.53
Bifidobacterium	4.79	5.14	4.70	5.26	0.09	0.09	0.01	0.37
Escherichia coli	3.57	3.71	3.95	3.33	0.12	0.38	0.02	0.41

^aData represent least square means baseans based on six replicates per treatment.