Effects of silicate derived from quartz porphyry supplementation in the health of weaning to growing pigs after lipopolysaccharide challenge

Figures & data

Table 1. Feed compositions of basal diet (as-fed basis).

Item	Weaner		Grower
	Phase 1	Phase 2
Ingredients, %
Corn	11.91	29.14	59.13
Extruded corn	28.05	20.83	–
Wheat	–	–	3.00
Soybean meal, 48% CP	23.71	30.61	30.48
Fish meal	8.00	5.00	–
Soy oil	3.70	4.50	4.29
Lactose	7.00	–	–
Whey	14.00	6.00	–
Monocalcium phosphate	1.30	1.40	1.47
L-Lys·HCl, 78%	0.54	0.53	0.34
DL-Met, 50%	0.12	0.28	0.08
L-Thr, 89%	0.22	0.21	0.03
Vitamin premix^1	0.10	0.10	0.10
Mineral premix^2	0.20	0.20	0.20
Limestone	0.95	0.90	0.63
Salt	0.20	0.30	0.25
Calculated composition
ME, kcal/kg	3,650	3,600	3,400
CP, %	21.51	20.62	17.50
Total Lys, %	1.41	1.33	0.95
Total Met, %	0.42	0.40	0.30
SID Lys, %	1.28	1.15	0.78
SID Met, %	0.39	0.36	0.24
Ca, %	0.68	0.64	0.76
Total P, %	0.52	0.49	0.42

1Provided per kg diet: 4,000 IU vitamin A, 800 IU vitamin D3, 171 IU vitamin E, 2 mg vitamin K, 4 mg vitamin B2, 1 mg vitamin B6, 16 µg vitamin B12, 11 mg pantothenic acid, 20 mg niacin and 0.02 mg biotin.

2Provided per kg diet: 220 mg Cu, 175 mg Fe, 191 mg Zn, 89 mg Mn, 0.3 mg I, 0.5 mg Co and 0.4 mg Se.

Table 2. Effects of silicate supplementation on growth performance in weaning to growing pigs (Exp. 1)^1.

Items^2	CON	SIL	SE^3	P-value
Body weight (kg)
Initial	7.53	7.53
6 wk	27.34	28.95	0.89	0.04
14 wk	75.39	79.23	1.97	0.05
ADG (g/d)
0 – 6 wk	472	510	9.38	0.05
6 – 14 wk	858	898	14.46	0.04
0 – 14 wk	692	732	7.09	0.04
ADFI (g/d)
0 – 6 wk	833	814	21.54	0.95
6 – 14 wk	2167	2135	87.01	0.58
0 – 14 wk	2085	2054	21.98	0.67
G: F (g/g)
0 – 6 wk	0.52	0.62	0.05	0.04
6 – 14 wk	0.40	0.51	0.01	0.03
0 – 14 wk	0.34	0.37	0.02	0.04

1CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets.

2ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G: F, feed efficiency.

3Pooled standard error.

^a,bMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).

Table 3. Effects of silicate supplementation on nutrient digestibility in weaning to growing pigs (Exp. 1)¹.

Items (%)	CON	SIL	SE^2	P-value
6 wk
Dry matter	73.63	75.33	1.28	0.04
Crude protein	69.12	73.33	1.96	0.03
14 wk
Dry matter	74.25	75.02	1.22	0.67
Crude protein	65.45	69.32	1.05	0.03

¹CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets.

2Pooled standard error.

^a,bMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Effects of silicate supplementation on odour gas emission in weaning to growing pigs (Exp. 1)¹.

Items (ppm)	CON	SIL	SE^2	P-value
6 wk
H2S	3.23	2.93	0.35	0.08
NH3	15.14	10.27	1.89	0.02
VFAs	1.34	1.37	0.09	0.86
14 wk
H2S	4.24	4.01	1.23	0.49
NH3	18.24	15.32	1.12	0.04
VFAs	1.62	1.75	0.15	0.57

¹CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets.

²Pooled standard error.

^a,bMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Effects of silicate supplementation on organ weight in weaning pigs (Exp. 1)¹.

Items (%)	CON	SIL	SE^2	P-value
Liver	3.47	3.74	0.32	0.56
Spleen	0.26	0.34	0.21	0.21

1CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets.

2Pooled standard error.

^a,bMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).

Table 6. Effects of silicate supplementation on immune traits in weaning pigs challenged by lipopolysaccharide (Exp. 2)^1.

Items^2	CON		SIL		SE^3	P-value^4
	LPS -	LPS +	LPS -	LPS +		D	L	D×L
RBC (10^6/㎕)
0h	6.94	6.57	6.91	7.44	0.24	0.13	0.74	0.09
3h	6.68	6.51	7.07	6.88	0.17	0.33	0.15	0.05
6h	6.90	6.57	6.80	7.46	0.21	0.12	0.45	0.03
12h	6.73	6.57	6.70	6.17	0.23	0.39	0.18	0.45
24h	6.98	6.08	7.03	6.71	0.67	0.36	0.20	0.99
WBC (10^3/㎕)
0h	24.21	20.54	25.93	27.03	2.54	0.13	0.62	0.37
3h	23.75	7.25	28.30	8.20	1.68	0.13	0.01	0.09
6h	27.01	13.97	30.95	17.07	2.33	0.16	0.01	0.86
12h	23.86	16.48	30.30	20.97	2.93	0.09	0.02	0.75
24h	21.00	19.12	25.17	30.79	2.38	0.01	0.05	0.02
Neutrophil (%)
0h	23.60	30.95	28.58	33.20	2.13	0.42	0.19	0.76
3h	36.28	65.13	38.43	57.53	4.11	0.08	0.01	0.43
6h	44.15	58.10	37.97	46.85	3.13	0.02	0.01	0.43
12h	41.83	53.80	35.95	44.58	5.29	0.18	0.08	0.76
24h	40.55	46.40	35.09	42.21	1.78	0.02	0.03	0.73
Monocyte (%)
0h	3.88	2.83	2.10	3.63	1.56	0.76	0.88	0.43
3h	3.00	1.90	2.43	3.08	0.45	0.52	0.63	0.08
6h	3.58	3.10	2.53	2.50	0.59	0.19	0.68	0.71
12h	5.35	4.75	3.55	4.80	1.30	0.52	0.81	0.49
24h	1.00	2.00	2.75	1.80	0.12	0.01	0.84	0.01
Eosinophil (%)
0h	1.30	1.88	1.30	1.55	0.32	0.62	0.23	0.62
3h	0.37	1.55	1.03	1.80	0.41	0.30	0.04	0.63
6h	1.00	1.50	0.50	1.73	0.29	0.65	0.01	0.23
12h	0.48	1.40	0.13	1.43	0.21	0.45	0.01	0.38
24h	1.75	1.75	1.70	2.10	0.26	0.29	0.89	0.18
Basophil (%)
0h	1.05	0.85	0.83	1.53	0.21	0.29	0.25	0.12
3h	0.97	0.75	1.03	1.18	0.30	0.44	0.91	0.56
6h	0.73	1.13	0.80	1.33	0.14	0.31	0.01	0.61
12h	0.45	0.63	0.27	0.73	0.12	0.76	0.03	0.28
24h	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.75	0.05	0.12	0.23	0.23
Lymphocyte (%)
0h	33.88	37.80	32.05	37.25	5.10	0.54	0.30	0.94
3h	31.63	58.43	30.35	55.93	4.04	0.01	0.01	0.33
6h	30.43	57.65	32.73	46.30	3.06	0.10	0.01	0.04
12h	35.53	56.30	35.90	55.85	5.70	0.32	0.01	0.45
24h	29.15	56.30	24.85	45.85	3.82	0.01	0.01	0.01
Cortisol (ug/dL)
0h	2.07	2.12	1.49	2.21	0.64	0.71	0.56	0.61
3h	3.27	5.68	1.71	6.72	0.65	0.70	0.01	0.09
6h	3.82	5.24	2.85	3.76	0.88	0.42	0.08	0.41
12h	2.87	5.19	1.82	3.03	0.21	0.01	0.01	0.02
24h	2.66	4.33	2.32	2.26	0.14	0.01	0.01	0.01

¹CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets; LPS -, without lipopolysaccharide injection; LPS +, with lipopolysaccharide injection at 0.01%.

²RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell.

³Pooled standard error.

⁴D, diet; L, LPS; D×L, interaction between diet and LPS.

Table 7. Effects of silicate supplementation on fecal microbiota in weaning pigs challenged by lipopolysaccharide (Exp. 2)¹.

Items (log10cfu/g)	CON		SIL		SE^2	P-value^3
	LPS -	LPS +	LPS -	LPS +		D	L	D×L
Lactobacillus	8.65	8.67	8.77	8.72	0.25	0.52	0.90	0.77
Escherichia coli	7.59	7.98	7.49	7.84	0.05	0.07	0.02	0.21
Salmonella	2.96	3.00	2.99	2.98	0.13	0.97	0.90	0.85

¹CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets; LPS -, without lipopolysaccharide injection; LPS +, with lipopolysaccharide injection at 0.01%.

²Pooled standard error.

³D, diet; L, LPS; D×L, interaction between diet and LPS.

Table 8. Effects of silicate supplementation on diarrhea score in weaning pigs challenged by lipopolysaccharide (Exp. 2)¹.

Items	CON		SIL		SE^2	P-value^3
	LPS -	LPS +	LPS -	LPS +		D	L	D×L
0h	1.50	2.50	2.75	2.75	0.20	0.22	1.00	1.00
3h	2.13	1.00	2.50	1.50	0.19	0.03	0.01	0.76
6h	2.50	1.25	2.62	1.63	0.23	0.23	0.01	0.54
12h	2.50	1.50	2.88	1.75	0.22	0.16	0.01	0.77
24h	2.50	1.75	2.87	2.75	0.21	0.01	0.04	0.04

¹CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets; LPS -, without lipopolysaccharide injection; LPS +, with lipopolysaccharide injection at 0.01%.

²Pooled standard error.

³D, diet; L, LPS; D×L, interaction between diet and LPS.

Table 9. Effects of silicate supplementation on rectal temperature in weaning pigs challenged by lipopolysaccharide (Exp. 2)¹.

Items (°C)	CON		SIL		SE^2	P-value^3
	LPS -	LPS +	LPS -	LPS +		D	L	D×L
0h	39.43	39.38	39.25	39.58	0.16	0.94	0.42	0.28
3h	40.25	42.95	40.30	42.70	0.17	0.98	0.01	0.78
6h	40.18	41.98	40.33	40.75	0.11	0.01	0.01	0.01
12h	40.27	40.88	40.33	40.33	0.16	0.14	0.09	0.09
24h	39.75	40.40	39.40	39.35	0.13	0.01	0.05	0.02

¹CON, basal diets based; SIL, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in basal diets; LPS -, without lipopolysaccharide injection; LPS +, with lipopolysaccharide injection at 0.01%.

²Pooled standard error.

³D, diet; L, LPS; D×L, interaction between diet and LPS.