Nutritional parameters of eggs from laying hens fed with flaxseed meal or mixture with rapeseed meal or rice bran

Figures & data

Table 1. Diet formulation and estimated chemical composition of experimental diet.

Item	Dietary treatments^a
	C	E1	E2	E3
Corn, %	53.74	56.005	52.455	48.475
Soybean meal, %	23.85	25.62	20.51	25.48
Flaxseed meal, %	–	5.00	2.50	2.50
Rapeseed meal, %	–	–	10.00	–
Rice bran, %	–	–	–	10.00
Antioxidant, %	–	0.015	0.015	0.015
Sunflower oil, %	2.70	1.48	2.93	1.84
Monocalcium phosphate, %	1.35	1.44	1.38	1.25
Calcium carbonate, %	8.79	8.80	8.67	8.81
Salt, %	0.40	0.41	0.40	0.41
Methionine, %	0.12	0.18	0.09	0.17
Choline, %	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Premix^b, %	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Total, %	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Calculated analysis, %
Dry matter, %	87.24	87.67	87.76	87.68
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg	2800.00	2800.00	2800.00	2800.00
Crude protein, %	17.80	17.80	17.80	17.80
Ether extractives, %	4.46	3.74	4.94	4.33
Crude fibre, %	4.75	3.12	3.89	3.81
Lysine, %	0.89	0.87	0.91	0.89
Methionine, %	0.42	0.45	0.40	0.44
Met + cist, %	0.73	0.73	0.73	0.73
Threonine, %	0.68	0.64	0.69	0.65
Tryptophan, %	0.2	0.18	0.19	0.19
Fatty acid composition (% of total fat)
Palmitic (C 16:0)	9.35	9.42	8.45	10.98
Stearic (C 18:0)	2.95	2.88	2.65	2.26
Oleic (C 18:1)	34.96	32.46	32.76	33.94
Linoleic (C 18:2n6)	48.60	41.93	49.76	46.33
Linolenic α (C 18:3n3)	0.88	10.74	4.82	4.57
∑ SFA, %	13.17	13.03	11.38	13.60
∑ PUFA, from which	50.62	53.75	55.44	52.00
∑ PUFA-ω3, %	1.33	11.14	5.13	5.03
∑ PUFA-ω6, %	49.29	42.62	50.30	46.96
∑ω-6/∑ω-3	37.20	3.83	9.80	9.34

^a C – Control diet; E1 – diet supplemented with flaxseed meal (5%); E2 - diet supplemented with flaxseed meal (2.5%) and rapeseed meal (10%); E3 – diet supplemented with flaxseed meal (2.5%) and rice bran (10%); ΣSFA: sum of saturated fatty acids; ΣPUFA: sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids; ΣPUFA-ω3 = C18:3ω-3 + C20:3ω-3 + C20:5ω-3 + C22:6ω-3; ΣPUFA-ω6 = C18:2ω- 6 + C20:2ω-6 + C20:4ω-6.

^b Per kg premix contained: 1,350,000 IU/kg vitamin A; 300,000 IU/kg vitamin D3; 2700 IU/kg vitamin E; 200 mg/kg vitamin K; 200 mg/kg vitamin B1; 480 mg/kg vitamin B2; 1485 mg/kg pantothenic acid; 2700 mg/kg nicotinic acid; 300 mg/kg vitamin B6; 4 mg/kg vitamin B7; 100 mg/kg vitamin B9; 1.8 mg/kg vitamin B12; 2500 mg/kg vitamin C; 7190 mg/kg manganese; 6000 mg/kg iron; 600 mg/kg copper; 6000 mg/kg zinc; 50 mg/kg cobalt; 114 mg/kg iodine; 18 mg/kg selenium.

Table 2. Effect of dietary flaxseed meal or combination with rapeseed meal or rice bran on layer performance and egg quality (average values/group).

	Dietary treatments
	C	E1	E2	E3	SEM*	p-value
Flaxseed meal (%)	–	5	2.5	2.5
Rapeseed meal (%)	–	–	10	–
Rice bran (%)	–	–	–	10
Initial weight (g/layer)	1777.41	1720.53	1797.66	1806.29	13.928	0.2008
Final weight (g/layer)	1840.52	1882.33	1912.03	1842.58	17.392	0.4190
Feed intake (g/day)	122.39^ab	124.22^b	128.29^c	121.09^a	0.414	<.0001
Feed conversion ratio (g/g egg)	2.004^a	1.968^a	2.058^b	1.965^a	0.010	0.0015
Laying percentage (%)	94.40^a	98.33^b	96.28^c	95.24^a	0.289	<.0001
Egg weight (g)	65.29	65.31	65.27	66.65	0.295	0.3398
Albumen weight (g)	39.78^ab	40.34^ab	39.08^a	41.11^b	0.304	0.1792
Albumen pH (value)	8.71^b	8.51^a	9.02^c	8.52^a	0.036	<.0001
Albumen height (mm)	8.36	8.23	8.32	8.01	0.140	0.8725
Haugh unit (value)	89.56	89.00	89.28	88.00	0.736	0.9182
Yolk weight (g)	16.83^a	16.51^a	17.79^b	16.7^a	0.145	0.0215
Yolk pH (value)	6.23	6.10	6.09	6.12	0.034	0.3420
Yolk colour (value)	5.42^a	5.89^b	5.50^ab	5.61^ab	0.085	0.2344
Shell weight (g)	8.67^ab	8.46^a	8.41^a	8.86^b	0.065	0.0901
Eggshell breaking strength (kgF)	4.13	4.12	4.13	4.08	0.059	0.9889
Yolk:albumen	0.43^a	0.41^a	0.46^b	0.41^a	0.006	0.0312

*SEM, standard error of the mean.

^a–c Mean values within a row having different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.

Table 3. Effect of dietary flaxseed meal or combination with rapeseed meal or rice bran on fatty acid composition of egg yolk (average values/group, g acid/100 g total FAME).

	Dietary treatments
	C	E1	E2	E3	SEM*	p-value
Flaxseed meal (%)	–	5	2.5	2.5
Rapeseed meal (%)	–	–	10	–
Rice bran (%)	–	–	–	10
Total fat, % DM	29.64^bc	27.96^ab	27.13^a	30.30^c	0.045	0.0253
Miristic (C14:0)	0.25^a	0.22^b	0.23^a,b	0.22^b	0.004	0.0115
Miristioleic (C14:1)	0.03^a	0.04^a	0.03^a	0.02^b	0.002	0.0238
Pentadecanoic (C15:0)	0.06^ab	0.06^ab	0.06^a	0.07^b	0.002	0.1366
Pentadecenoic (C15:1)	0.13^a	0.13^a	0.12^a	0.12^a	0.007	0.9437
Palmitic (C16:0)	23.79^a	23.57^ac	22.68^bc	23.08^c	0.126	0.0028
Palmitoleic (C16:1)	2.32^ab	2.56^a	2.41^ab	2.20^b	0.047	0.0152
Heptadecanoic (C17:0)	0.15^ab	0.14^ab	0.13^a	0.16^b	0.005	0.0275
Heptadecenoic (C17:1)	0.12^a	0.14^a	0.10^a	0.11^a	0.007	0.2886
Stearic (C18:0)	11.50^a	11.51^a	11.06^a	11.70^a	0.138	0.5179
Oleic (C18:1)	33.17^a	34.71^b	34.15^a	32.25^a	0.264	0.0076
Linoleic (C18:2)	20.32^ac	17.61^b	20.85^a	19.54^c	0.263	<0.0001
Linolenic γ (C18:3n6)	0.13^a	0.11^b	0.12^ab	0.12^ab	0.003	0.0131
Linolenic α (C18:3n3)	0.23^a	1.34^b	0.87^c	0.84^c	0.083	<0.0001
Eicosadienoic (C20:2n6)	0.20^a	0.16^a	0.15^a	0.36^b	0.018	<0.0001
Eicosatrienoic (C20:3n6)	0.29^a	0.22^b	0.25^b	0.24^b	0.008	0.0032
Erucic (C22:1n9)	0.08^a	0.06^ac	0.04^bc	0.06^c	0.004	0.0022
Eicosatrienoic (C20:3n3)	0.26^a	0.25^a	0.23^a	0.24^a	0.006	0.4355
Arachidonic (C20:4n6)	4.17^a	3.61^b	3.76^b	3.90^ab	0.072	0.0160
Nervonic (C24:1n9)	0.33^a	0.20^b	0.24^bc	0.24^c	0.012	<0.0001
Docosatetraenoic (C22:4n6)	1.37^a	0.21^b	0.36^bc	0.45^c	0.098	<0.0001
Docosapentaenoic (C22:5n3)	0.06^a	0.16^b	0.13^b	0.15^b	0.010	<0.0001
Docosahexaenoic (C22:6n3)	0.81^a	2.74^b	1.89^c	3.74^d	0.212	<0.0001
Other fatty acids	0.13^a	0.13^a	0.04^a	0.08^a	0.020	0.4353

*SEM, standard error of the mean.

^a–c Mean values within a row having different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.

Table 4. Effect of dietary flaxseed meal or combination with rapeseed meal or rice bran on fatty acid content of egg according to the level of unsaturation and health lipid indexes of eggs’ yolks (average values/group, g acid/100 g total FAME).

	Dietary treatments
	C	E1	E2	E3	SEM*	p-value
Flaxseed meal (%)	–	5	2.5	2.5
Rapeseed meal (%)	–	–	10	–
Rice bran (%)	–	–	–	10
ΣSFA	35.76^a	35.53^a	34.17^b	35.24^ab	0.214	0.0434
ΣMUFA	36.21^ac	37.87^b	37.11^ab	35.04^c	0.290	0.0063
ΣUFA	64.11^a	64.34^a	65.78^b	64.67^ab	0.216	0.0293
ΣPUFA of which:	27.88^a	26.46^b	28.65^ac	29.62^c	0.259	<0.0001
Σω-3	1.39^a	4.51^b	3.14^c	4.99^d	0.282	<0.0001
Σω-6	26.49^a	21.95^b	25.50^ac	24.63^c	0.359	<0.0001
Σω-6/ Σω-3	19.12^a	4.88^b	8.13^c	4.94^b	1.223	<0.0001
ΣSFA/ΣUFA	0.56^a	0.55^a	0.52^b	0.55^a	0.005	0.0398
ΣPUFA/ΣMUFA	0.77^a	0.70^b	0.77^a	0.85^c	0.012	0.0003
AI	0.57^a	0.56^a	0.53^b	0.55^ab	0.005	0.0342
TI	1.00^a	0.81b^c	0.83^b	0.78^c	0.019	<0.0001
HH	2.45^b	2.53^bc	2.69^a	2.60^ac	0.025	0.0004

Notes: ΣSFA – sum of saturated fatty acids; ΣMUFA – sum of monounsaturated fatty acids; ΣUFA – sum of unsaturated fatty acids; ΣPUFA – sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids; ΣPUFA-ω6 = C18:2ω-6 + C20:2ω-6 + C20:4ω-6; ΣPUFA-ω3 = C18:3ω-3 + C20:3ω-3 + C20:5ω-3 + C22:6ω-3; AI – Atherogenic Index; TI – Thrombogenic Index; HH – ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids.

*SEM, standard error of the mean.

^a–c Mean values within a row having different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05.

Figure 1. Effect of dietary flaxseed meal or combination with rapeseed meal or rice bran on cholesterol concentration of egg yolk: (A) – dry matter and (B) – whole egg; C – Control diet; E1 – diet supplemented with flaxseed meal (5%); E2 – diet supplemented with flaxseed meal (2.5%) and rapeseed meal (10%); E3 – diet supplemented with flaxseed meal (2.5%) and rice bran (10%); ^a,bMeans with no common letter differ (P < 0.05).