The relationship between vitamin A status and oxidative stress in animal production

Figures & data

Table 1. Impact of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) exposure on the quality of broiler breast meat (adapted from Chen et al. 2022).

Parameter	Experimental groups*			SEM	P-value
	Control	Saline	H2O2
pH24h	5.88^a	5.92^a	5.82^b	0.02	0.034
Drip loss (%)	1.67^b	1.71^b	2.34^a	0.12	0.028
Shear force (N)	28.34^b	25.85^b	34.21^a	1.26	0.017

*The control group was the non-injected treatment. The saline group: birds were injected with physiological saline buffer (0.75%) with a dosage of 1.0 mL/kg BW. The H₂O₂ group: birds were given an injection of 10.0% H₂O₂ with a dosage of 1.0 mL/kg BW. ^a,bMeans in a row without a common superscript letter significantly differ (p < 0.05).

Figure 1. Oxygen consumption in adipocytes exposed to 2 µM of ATRA was measured using Clarke’s electrode (adapted from Tourniaire et al. 2015). Control refers to control cells, which received the vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Data are the mean ± SEM of three independent cultures per treatment condition. The assessment compared ATRA-treated cells to untreated cells and measured their oxygen consumption rates to determine if ATRA-induced gene expression changes altered cellular metabolism. ATRA increased oxygen consumption by 15% (*P < 0.05).

Table 2. Effect of various vitamin A levels in maternal and offspring diets on liver antioxidant index of goslings at one day old and seven days old* (adapted from Liang et al. 2019).

Maternal VA* level (IU/kg)	Offspring VA level (IU/kg)	GSH** (μmol/gprot)	GSH-PX (U/mgprot)	SOD (U/mgprot)	MDA (nmol/mgprot)	T-AOC (μmol/gprot)	CAT (U/mgprot)
0 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000		32.4^d 45.5^bc 51.4^a 47.5^ab 41.9^c	154.1^d 174.3^cd 211.8^a 197.9^ab 187.4^bc	165.9^b 266.9^a 296.2^a 292.3^a 270.9^a	1.12^a 0.61^b 0.55^b 0.54^b 0.59^b	71.9^b 78.2^ab 85.1^a 84.7^a 81.6^a	116.3^b 132.2^ab 143.7^a 143.7^a 127.9^ab
	0 9,000	42.5 45.0	170.9^b 199.3^a	237.4^b 279.5^a	1.01^a 0.35^b	71.0^b 78.7^a	115.5^b 150.0^a

*VA = vitamin A. ^a,b,c,dMean values within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). ** GSH = glutathione; GSH-PX = glutathione peroxidase; SOD = superoxide dismutase; MDA = malondialdehyde; T-AOC = total antioxidant capacity; CAT = catalase.

Table 3. The effects of two different sources of vitamin A on serum biochemical parameters of weaned piglets on day 36 of the study* (adapted from Zhou et al. 2021).

Parameter	NC	EQ Vit A	SA Vit A	P-value
Serum retinol, μg/l	136^b	208^a	219^a	0.001
GSH-PX**, U/ml	696^b	837^a	778^a	0.028
MDA**, nmol/ml	2.94^a	1.75^b	1.60^b	0.008

*NC  =  basal diet without supplemental vitamin A; EQ Vit A = basal diet supplemented with 12 000 IU/kg vitamin A stabilized with ethoxyquin; SA Vit A  =  basal diet supplemented with 12 000 IU/kg Vitamin A stabilized with sodium ascorbate; ^a,bMean values within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05). ** GSH-PX = glutathione peroxidase; MDA = malondialdehyde.

Table 4. Effect of higher vitamin A supplementation on immune and antioxidant function in dairy cows fed experimental diets for 60 d (adapted from Jin et al. 2014).

Criterion	Vitamin A supplementation level (IU/kg BW)
	110 IU/kg BW	220 IU/kg BW
Antioxidant function (serum)
Superoxide dismutase, U/mL	108^b	138^a
Catalase, U/mL	4.1^b	5.0^a
Total antioxidant capacity, U/mL	4.1^b	6.1^a
Malonaldehyde, mmol/mL	4.1^a	2.3^b
Immune function (serum)
Immunoglobulin M, g/L	1.2^b	1.7^a
Immunoglobulin G, g/L	14.0^b	16.5^a
Immunoglobulin A, g/L	0.79^b	0.98^a
Interleukin-1, ng/mL	0.25^b	0.41^a
Tumor necrosis factor-α, ng/mL	0.75^b	0.91^a
Soluble CD8, u/mL	48.2^a	42.4^b
Somatic cell count in milk, × 10^3/mL	193^a	140^b

^a,b Mean values within a row with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05)

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