Additive effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal and pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on productive performance, carcass attributes and histological morphology of ileum in Japanese quails

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of MOLM (Ahmad et al. 2018).

Chemical composition		Unit
Nutrients
Moisture	7.60	g/100 g
Crude protein	26.93	g/100 g
Ether extract	6.84	g/100 g
Ash	11.11	g/100 g
Minerals
Sodium	936	mg/100 g
Potassium	2549	mg/100 g
Calcium	2471	mg/100 g
Magnesium	1041	mg/100 g
Phosphorus	260	mg/100 g
Selenium	2.88	mg/100 g
Bioactive compounds
Quercetin	312	mg/100 g
β-carotene	56.23	mg/100 g

Table 2. Gross chemical composition, % on dry weight basis of PPP (Abbas et al. 2017).

Component (%)	PPP
Moisture	11.9
Crude protein	3.97
Crude fat	2.34
Ash content	4.19
Crude fibre	12.1
Available carbohydrate	77.4
Organic matter	95.8
Metabolized energy (kcal/kg)	2825

Table 3. Ingredients and chemical composition of basal and experimental diets.

Ingredients	Amount (g/kg)	Experimental diets (%)
	Control group 0.0	MOLM 0.02 g/kg	PPP 0.75 g/kg	MOLM + PPP 0.77 g/kg
Maize, grain	487.6	487.6	487.6	487.6
Soybean meal	382.8	382.8	382.8	382.8
Corn gluten meal	33.6	33.6	33.6	33.6
Wheat, red grain	23.4	23.4	23.4	23.4
Cornstarch	30.0	30.0	30.0	30.0
Soybean oil	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00
DL-methionine	–	–	–	–
L-Lysine	1.40	1.40	1.40	1.40
L-Threonine	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.90
Limestone	13.6	13.6	13.6	13.6
Di-calcium phosphate	12.2	12.2	12.2	12.2
NaHCO3	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
NaCl	3.20	3.20	3.20	3.20
Trace mineral premix	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
Vitamin premix	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
Total	100	100	100	100
% of experimental diets	0.0	0.2%	7.5%	0.2 + 7.5%
Nutritional composition
AME (kcal/kg)^a	2900
CP (g/kg)	250
Lys (g/kg)	13.8
Met (g/kg)	3.80
TSAA (g/kg)	7.80
Cys (g/kg)	3.90
Thr (g/kg)	10.2
Ca (g/kg)	9.00
Pavailable (g/kg)	4.30
Na (g/kg)	1.70
DEB (meq/kg)^b	250

^a Mineral premix provided per kilogram of diet: Mn (from MnSO₄·H₂O), 65 mg; Zn (from ZnO), 55 mg; Fe (from FeSO₄·7H2O), 50 mg; Cu (from CuSO₄·5H₂O), 8 mg; I [from Ca (IO₃) 2H₂O], 1.8 mg; Se, 0.30 mg; Co (from Co₂O₃), 0.20 mg; Mo, 0.16 mg.

^b Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (from vitamin A acetate), 11,500 U; cholecalciferol, 2100 U; vitamin E (from dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 22 U; vitamin B₁₂, 0.60 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; nicotinamide, 40 mg; calcium pantothenate, 35 mg; menadione (from menadione dimethylpyridine), 1.50 mg; folic acid, 0.80 mg; thiamine, 3 mg; pyridoxine, 10 mg; biotin, 1 mg; choline chloride, 560 mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; DEB: Dietary Electrolyte Balance.

Table 4. Effect of diets containing different levels of MOLM, PPP and mixture of MOLM + PPP on quail performance.

Parameters	Control 0.0	MOLM 0.2%	PPP 7.5%	Mixed 0.2 + 7.5%	P-value
Body weight (g)	109.86 ± 1.98^a	107.51 ± 1.98^a	99.76 ± 1.98^b	101.33 ± 1.98^b	0.001
Body weight gain (g)	99.32 ± 2.98^a	96.34 ± 3.19^a	88.99 ± 2.34^b	90.49 ± 1.77^b	0.04
Feed intake (g)	29.64 ± 1.91	31.07 ± 1.96	29.80 ± 2.10	30.03 ± 1.75	0.95
FCR (g/g)	1.95 ± 0.12	2.07 ± 0.11	2.15 ± 0.12	2.14 ± 0.13	0.64

Mean values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Measurements of the carcass characteristics of quail fed with MOLM, PPP and their mixture.

Parameters	Control 0.0	MOLM 0.2%	PPP 7.5%	Mixed 0.2 + 7.5%	P-value
Carcass weight (g)	84.38 ± 0.53^a	79.63 ± 0.15^ab	76.08 ± 0.35^bc	75.95 ± 0.65^c	0.001
Dressing (%)	76.80 ± 0.52^a	74.06 ± 0.65^c	76.26 ± 0.13^ab	74.95 ± 0.38^bc	0.001
Liver (%)	2.37 ± 0.23^b	2.66 ± 0.06^ab	2.40 ± 0.01^b	3.17 ± 0.14^a	0.01
Heart (%)	1.08 ± 0.01^b	1.15 ± 0.05^b	1.17 ± 0.04^b	1.62 ± 0.02^a	0.01
Gizzard (%)	2.35 ± 0.11^c	3.00 ± 0.15^b	3.51 ± 0.07^a	3.74 ± 0.11^a	0.01
Wings (%)	2.84 ± 0.18	2.76 ± 0.01	2.66 ± 0.20	3.11 ± 0.20	0.30

Mean values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Figure 1. Villi histology of ilium of Japanese quail (a) control group, (b) MOLM diet group, (c) PPP diet group and (d) mixed (MOLM & PPP) diet group. No abnormality in treatment group was seen.

Table 6. Measurements of the villus dimensions of ileum of quail MOLM, PPP and their mixture.

Parameters	Control 0.0	MOLM 0.2%	PPP 7.5%	Mixed 0.2 + 7.5%	P-value
Villi length (µm)	350.83^b± 1.01	297.33^d ± 2.43	315.83^c ± 3.80	465.83^a ± 5.87	0.001
Crypt depth (µm)	126.33^c ± 1.14	167.83^a ± 0.70	158.00^b ± 0.96	106.33^d ± 1.28	0.001
Villus width (µm)	181 ± 6.43^a	185 ± 5.55^a	189 ± 4.11^a	198 ± 7.34^a	0.012
Villus length: crypt depth	2.77 ± 0.02^b	1.76 ± 0.02^c	1.99 ± 0.03^c	4.32 ± 0.14^a	0.01

Mean values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Table 7. Comparison of mean concentration (mean ± SE) of sensory factors of Japanese quails fed with basal diet, MOLM, PPP and their mixture.

Treatments	Juiciness	Colour	Tenderness	Flavour	Overall acceptability
Control	5.43± 0.16	7.17± 0.08^b	7.38± 0.08	5.68± 0.14^b	5.67± 0.11^b
MOLM	5.82± 0.16	7.38± 0.08^a	7.55± 0.08	6.23± 0.14^a	6.22± 0.12^a
PPP	5.75± 0.16	7.50 ± 0.08^a	7.33± 0.08	6.35± 0.14^a	6.17± 0.17^a
Mixed	6.00± 0.16	7.70 ± 0.08^a	7.17± 0.08	6.82± 0.14^a	7.48± 0.14^a
P-value	0.09	0.01	0.22	0.001	0.001

Mean values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Ahmad S, Khalique A, Pasha TN, Mehmood S, Ahmad SS, Khan AM, Hussain K. 2018. Influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal used as phytogenic feed additive on the serum metabolites and egg bioactive compounds in commercial layers. Braz J Poult Sci. 20:325–332. doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0606.

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Abbas RJ, Al-Salhie KCK, Al-Hummod SK. 2017. The effect of using different levels of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on productive and physiological performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Livestock Res Rural Develop. 29 (12):1–17.

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