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Research Article

Adaptogenic Ashwagandha root extract modulates inflammatory markers in feline stress management: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

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Article: 2335921 | Received 30 Nov 2023, Accepted 22 Mar 2024, Published online: 11 Apr 2024

Figures & data

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the clinical trial design to study the effect of ARE on stress in cats. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the clinical trial design to study the effect of ARE on stress in cats. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Table 1. The schedule of different types of stress induced in cats.

Figure 2. Effect of ARE interventions on important blood parameters, (A) Red blood cell count (RBC), (B) White blood cell count (WBC), (C) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), (D) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), (E) Platelet count, (F) Hemoglobin (Hb). Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. **Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.01, ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 2. Effect of ARE interventions on important blood parameters, (A) Red blood cell count (RBC), (B) White blood cell count (WBC), (C) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), (D) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), (E) Platelet count, (F) Hemoglobin (Hb). Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. **Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.01, ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 3. Effect of ARE treatment on the biochemical markers of liver function. (A) ALT, (B) AST, (C) ALP, (D) Protein. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.05. ALT: Alanine transaminase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, ARE: Ashwagandha root extract, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Figure 3. Effect of ARE treatment on the biochemical markers of liver function. (A) ALT, (B) AST, (C) ALP, (D) Protein. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.05. ALT: Alanine transaminase, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, ARE: Ashwagandha root extract, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Figure 4. Effect of ARE treatment on important serum biochemical markers. (A) Serum albumin, (B) Serum globulin, (C) Serum creatinine, (D) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), (E) Glucose. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. **Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.01, ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 4. Effect of ARE treatment on important serum biochemical markers. (A) Serum albumin, (B) Serum globulin, (C) Serum creatinine, (D) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), (E) Glucose. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. **Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.01, ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 5. Effect of ARE treatment on oxidative stress markers. (A) Malondialdehyde (MDA), (B) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), (C) Glutathione (GSH), (D) Catalase. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. **Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.01, ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 5. Effect of ARE treatment on oxidative stress markers. (A) Malondialdehyde (MDA), (B) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), (C) Glutathione (GSH), (D) Catalase. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. **Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.01, ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 6. Effect of ARE treatment on cortisol and cytokines levels. (A) Cortisol, (B) Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), (C) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (D) Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 6. Effect of ARE treatment on cortisol and cytokines levels. (A) Cortisol, (B) Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), (C) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (D) Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 7. Effect of ARE treatment on important transcription factors viz; Nrf-2 and NFκB. (A) Nrf-2, (B) NFκB. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract; Nrf-2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2); NFκB: nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.

Figure 7. Effect of ARE treatment on important transcription factors viz; Nrf-2 and NFκB. (A) Nrf-2, (B) NFκB. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract; Nrf-2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2); NFκB: nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells. Data n = 8; statistically analysed by Mean ± SEM. ***Significantly different from placebo group at p < 0.001. ARE: Ashwagandha root extract.