Feasibility study of scapula bone as a next-generation material for biomedical applications

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition of scapula bone available on earth with various animals.

Animal Species	Hydroxyapatite	Collagen	Water	Lipids	Calcium	Phosphorus	Magnesium	Sodium	Potassium	Trace elements	References
Chicken	53–58	28–33	8–11	4–7	22–27	8–11	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.3	Fratzl et al. (2004), Alexander and Pond (1992), Martiniaková et al. (2006)
Kangaroo	64–69	22–27	6–11	1–5	27–32	12–17	0.3–0.7	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Reilly and Currey (2000), Fratzl et al. (2004)
Alligator	61–66	19–23	4–7	2–5	25–30	11–14	0.2–0.5	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Fratzl and Weinkamer (2007), Boskey and Posner (1984)
Turkey	58–63	27–32	12–17	8–13	20–25	5–10	0.5–0.9	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Fratzl et al. (2004), Alexander and Pond (1992), Martiniaková et al. (2006)
Deer	66–71	23–28	7–12	3–8	26–31	11–16	0.6–1.0	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Reilly and Currey (2000), Boskey and Posner (1984), Currey (2006)
Rat	56–61	28–33	9–14	3–7	22–27	9–14	0.1–0.5	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Turner and Burr (1993), Fratzl and Weinkamer (2007), Alexander and Pond (1992)
Ostrich	50–55	30–35	10–15	4–8	21–26	7–12	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.3	Fratzl et al. (2004), Alexander and Pond (1992), Martiniaková et al. (2006)
Dolphin	65–70	20–25	4–9	1–6	29–34	14–19	0.9–1.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Turner and Burr (1993), Boskey and Posner (1984), Fratzl et al. (2004)
Elephant	63–68	19–24	3–8	0–5	30–35	15–20	1.0–1.4	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Reilly and Currey (2000), Fratzl et al. (2004), Currey (2006)
Human	60–65	20–25	5–10	1–6	25–30	10–15	0.2–0.6	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Fratzl et al. (2004), Currey (2006), Price et al. (2005)
Cow	65–70	18–22	6–9	1–4	26–31	12–15	0.3–0.6	0.2–0.4	0.2–0.4	0.1–0.3	Turner and Burr (1993), Fratzl and Weinkamer (2007)
Horse	63–68	22–27	7–12	3–8	23–28	8–13	0.2–0.4	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.3	Fratzl et al. (2004), Fratzl and Weinkamer (2007)
Pig	62–67	23–28	8–13	4–9	22–27	7–12	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.2	0.1–0.3	Alexander and Pond (1992), Currey (2006)
Sheep	62–67	21–25	5–8	5–10	21–26	6–11	0.2–0.6	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Reilly and Currey (2000), Alexander and Pond (1992), Boskey and Posner (1984)
Dog	58–63	22–27	7–12	3–6	23–28	9–12	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3	Turner and Burr (1993), Fratzl and Weinkamer (2007), Currey (2006)

Figure 1. Scapula bone location for sheep and goats.

Figure 2. Scapula bone of Deccani sheep.

Figure 3. Thick-thin-medium portion on scapula bone.

Figure 4. Experimental process methodology.

Table 2. Mechanical and physical properties of scapula bone in various available sources.

Animal species	Young's modulus (MPa)	Yield strength (MPa)	Ultimate strength (MPa)	Poisson's ratio	Compressive yield (MPa)	Density (g/cm³)	Reference
Horse	6000–8000	80–120	100–150	0.3–0.4	100–150	1.7–2.0	Reilly and Burstein (1975), Skedros et al. (2003b)
Cow	6000–8000	80–120	100–150	0.3–0.4	100–150	1.7–2.0	Reilly and Burstein (1975), Skedros et al. (2003b)
Sheep	4000–6000	60–90	80–120	0.3–0.4	70–100	1.6–1.9	Reilly and Burstein (1975), Skedros et al. (2003b)
Dog	5000–7000	70–110	90–130	0.3–0.4	90–130	1.6–1.9	Reilly and Burstein (1975), Skedros et al. (2003b)
Chicken	2000–4000	40–60	60–80	0.3–0.4	40–70	1.4–1.7	Yeni and Fyhrie (2001), Shaw and Stock (2009)
Alligator	3000–5000	50–80	70–110	0.3–0.4	60–90	1.5–1.8	Currey (2006)
Emu	2500–4500	45–70	65–85	0.3–0.4	45–75	1.4–1.7	Yeni and Brown (1998)
Dolphin	5000–7000	70–110	90–130	0.3–0.4	90–130	1.6–1.9	Bar-On et al. (2018)
Beaver	4500–6500	60–100	80–120	0.3–0.4	80–110	1.6–1.9	Skedros et al. (2003a)
Red Kangaroo	4000–6000	60–90	80–120	0.3–0.4	70–100	1.6–1.9	Blob and Biewener (2001)

Figure 5. Coupons for tensile test.

Figure 6. Stress–strain curve for all samples.

Figure 7. Mechanical properties yield strength and ultimate strength.

Table 3. Material properties of scapula bone with varied thickness.

	Thin (1 mm)	Medium (2 mm)	Thick (5 mm)
Young’s modulus (MPa)	109.9	83.70	18.56
Yield strength (MPa)	81.3	61.34	9.98
Ultimate strength (MPa)	84.7	61.68	11.2
Failure strain (%)	1.9375	3.04	1.125
Toughness (M J/m^3)	106.62625	139.7925	11.4925

Table 4. One-way ANOVA results on the tensile properties of Deccani sheep scapula bone.

One-Way ANOVA	Yield strength	Young’s modulus	Ultimate strength	Failure strain
DF	2	2	2	2
SS	13321.99397	20304.24101	15108.16085	10.135982
MS	6660.996987	10152.12051	7554.080427	5.067991
F-Statistic Value	485.578066	384.595103	1199.537814	69.262907
P-value	$3.30636\times {10}^{-12}$	$1.31385\times {10}^{-11}$	$1.52101\times {10}^{-14}$	$2.56697\times {10}^{-7}$

Figure 8. Flexural modulus for thin, medium and thick condition specimen by three-point bend test.

Figure 9. Maximum flexural strength for thin, medium and thick condition specimens by three-point bend test.

Table 5. Flexural properties of Deccani sheep scapula bone.

	Thin (1 mm)	Medium (2 mm)	Thick (5 mm)
Flexural strength (M Pa)	75	107.06	118.8
Flexural modulus (M Pa)	1420.45	2080.66	5650.684
Ultimate load (KN)	0.0095	0.0571	0.384

Table 6. One-way ANOVA results on the flexural properties of scapula bone of Deccani breed sheep.

One-way ANOVA	Flexural modulus	Flexural strength
DF	2	2
SS	52351612.13	4345.087413
MS	26175806.07	2172.543707
F-statistic value	1287.445973	120.874334
P-value	$9.99201\times {10}^{-15}$	$1.11857\times {10}^{-8}$

Figure 10. Tensile strength model for 1 mm thickness.

Figure 11. Tensile strength model for 2 mm thickness.

Figure 12. Tensile strength model for 5 mm thickness.

Figure 13. Flexural strength model for 1 mm thickness.

Figure 14. Flexural strength model for 2 mm thickness.

Figure 15. Flexural strength model for 5 mm thickness.

Table 7. Comparative data with tensile and flexural strength.

Sl. No.	Description	Tensile		Flexural
		Total deformation in mm	Von mises stress in MPa	Total deformation in mm	Von mises stress in MPa
1	1 mm	0.23	85.88	0.415	33.06
2	2 mm	0.12	53.62	0.33	47.83
3	5 mm	0.05	31.08	0.22	57.02

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