Effects of pain on the facial expressions of goat kids

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical score.

Parameter	Clinical signs	Score
Vocalization	None Slightly muffled voices Muffled voices	0 1 2
Activity	Sleeping and resting Frequent change of position Restless, directionless walking	0 1 2
Food/water or milk intake	Normal, Reduced Inappetence	0 1 2
General appearance	Sniffing and looking for straw, hay, or wáter, playing with neighbourns Downcast, turning head to side Apathetic	0 1 2
Pain	No evidence of disease Innespessific clinical signs but able to stand Severe signs of disease: pneumonia (discharge and respiratory distress), lameness, joint swelling or perianal fecal contamination from diarrhea	0 1 2

Adapted from Zentrich et al. (2023).

Figure 1. Determination of height and width of palpebral fissure, angle of the mouth, and frontal and in profile angles of the nose. A, height of palpebral fissure, straight line from the centre of the lower eyelid to the centre of the upper eyelid, intersecting the midpoint of the pupil. Width of palpebral fissure, straight line from the lateral to the medial corner of the right eye, crossing the middle of the pupil. Profile nose angle, one axis was placed over the right nostril, and the other axis was aligned to touch the most rostral point of the nose. The connecting vertex was then situated at the most ventral point of the nose. Mouth angle, one axis parallel to the oral commissure, while the other axis was drawn sagittally from the frontal bone at the level of the supraorbital foramina, tangentially touching the tip of the nose. The connecting vertex was positioned in front of the upper lip. B, frontal angle of the nose, two axes were strategically positioned over each nostril, with the connecting vertex situated at the convergence point of the nostrils.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of frontal angle of the nose in degrees.

	Minimum	1st Quartile	Median	3rd Quartile	Maximum
Frontal angle of the nose	49.00	83.75	89.00	94.25	102.00

Table 3. Descriptive statistics for height and width of palpebral fissure, angle of the mouth and in profile angle of the nose.

	Minimum	Mean	Standard deviation	Maximum
Height of palpebral fissure (cm)	0.62	1.09	0.30	1.83
Width of palpebral fissure (cm)	1.37	2.13	0.41	3.53
Angle of the mouth (degrees)	31.00	39.15	4.12	50.00
Angle of the nose in profile (degrees)	26.00	48.48	10.99	80.00

Table 4. Least square means of mouth angle and side nose angle according to pain classification.

Measures	Pain 0	Pain 1	Pain 2	SD	P
Height of palpebral fissure (cm)	0.83^a	1.15^b	1.29^b	0.30	0.001
Width of palpebral fissure (cm)	1.85^a	2.19^b	2.35^b	0.41	0.001
Angle of the mouth (degrees)	39.20^ab	37.25^a	41.00^b	4.12	0.013
Angle of the nose in profile (degrees)	52.50	46.80	46.15	10.99	0.133

SD, standard deviation. Different letters in the same row means least squares means statistical differences according P value.

Table 5. Kruskal–Wallis analysis and post hoc Wilcoxon rank for Frontal angle of the nose.

	Pain 0	Pain 1	Pain 2	P
Frontal angle of the nose (degrees)	93.50^a	87.00^ab	85.00^b	0.009

Different letters in the same row means statistical differences according P value.

Zentrich E, Wassermann L, Struve B, Selke K, Buettner M, Keubler LM, Reifenrath J, Angrisani N, Kempfert M, Krause A, et al. 2023. Postoperative severity assessment in sheep. Eur Surg Res. 64:27–36.

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