Dietary α-galactosidase and xylanase to improve the nutritional value of corn-soybean-rapeseed meal diets in broiler chickens

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredients and calculated compositions of the positive control (PC) and negative control (NC) basal diets used in experiments 1 and 2 (only grower phases) on an as-fed basis.

	Starter phase (0–14 d)		Grower phase (15–28 d)		Finisher phase (29–35 d)
Ingredient (%)	PC	NC	PC	NC	PC	NC
Corn (CP 7.5%)	50.25	55.56	51.57	56.98	54.28	59.40
SBM dehulled (CP 48.5%)	34.32	31.60	30.12	27.18	24.83	22.17
Rapeseed meal (CP 38%)	4.00	4.00	5.00	5.00	6.00	6.00
Rice bran, S.E (CP 18.3%)	3.00	3.00	4.00	4.00	5.00	5.00
Soybean oil (ME 8,800)	3.55	0.97	4.99	2.32	6.20	3.57
A MDCP (16.6% Ca/22.0% P)	1.98	1.99	1.72	1.74	1.48	1.49
Limestone (38.9% Ca)	1.18	1.20	1.07	1.09	0.97	0.98
Salt	0.24	0.21	0.26	0.23	0.30	0.27
Sepiolite	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
Vitamin/mineral premix^a	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
Dl-Methionine	0.33	0.36	0.28	0.30	0.19	0.21
L-Lysine HCl	0.23	0.31	0.16	0.25	0.06	0.14
L-Threonine	0.15	0.18	0.11	0.14	0.03	0.07
Sodium bicarbonate	0.19	0.23	0.15	0.20	0.10	0.13
Salinomycin 12%	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Choline chloride 60%	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.02
Calculated composition:
ME for poultry (kcal/kg)	2,955	2,835	3,055	2,930	3,150	3,025
Crude protein (%)	23.0	22.1	21.5	20.6	19.5	18.7
Dig. lysine for poultry (%)	1.28	1.28	1.15	1.15	0.96	0.96
Dig. methionine for poultry (%)	0.64	0.65	0.57	0.58	0.47	0.48
Dig. M + C for poultry (%)	0.95	0.95	0.87	0.87	0.75	0.75
Calcium (%)	0.96	0.96	0.87	0.87	0.78	0.78
Phosphorus (available) (%)	0.48	0.48	0.44	0.44	0.39	0.39

^a Supplied per kg of diet: vitamin A/D3, 12,000,000 IU; vitamin E, 20 mg; vitamin K, 2.45 mg; vitamin B1, 1.9 mg; vitamin B2, 4.99 mg; vitamin B6, 1.94 mg; vitamin B12, 0.02 mg; niacin, 49 mg; cal-D-pan, 14.78 mg; biotin 0.05 mg; folic acid, 0.98 mg; copper, 9 mg; ferrous, 38.75 mg; manga-nese, 60 mg; zinc, 45 mg; iodine, 0.75 mg; selenium, 1 mg; and antioxidant, 2.5 mg.

Table 2. Growth performance of the broiler chickens fed with the experimental diets in experiment 1.

Item	Treatments				RSE	P-value
	PC	PC + Enzyme 350 ppm	NC	NC + Enzyme 500 ppm
From 0 to 14 days (starter phase)
BW at 0 days (g)	40.7	40.7	40.7	40.7	0.32	0.998
BW at 14 days (g)	459	465	453	461	17.84	0.588
ADG (g/bird/day)	29.9	30.3	29.4	30.1	1.27	0.580
ADFI (g/bird/day)	33.9	34.3	34.5	34.8	1.52	0.746
FCR	1.137^A	1.134^A	1.170^C	1.154^B	0.0127	<0.001
From 14 to 28 days (grower phase)
BW at 28 days (g)	1,722	1,732	1,694	1,727	52.54	0.491
ADG (g/bird/day)	90.2	90.5	88.7	90.4	3.08	0.612
ADFI (g/bird/day)	121.4	120.8	124.1	124.9	3.90	0.118
FCR	1.346^A	1.335^A	1.400^B	1.383^B	0.0207	<0.001
From 28 to 35 days (finisher phase)
BW at 35 days (g)	2,560	2,562	2,503	2,550	56.04	0.141
ADG (g/bird/day)	119.7	118.6	115.5	117.6	3.91	0.195
ADFI (g/bird/day)	193.3	189.0	189.1	190.9	5.97	0.436
FCR	1.615	1.593	1.635	1.624	0.0381	0.172
From 0 to 35 days (global results)
ADG (g/bird/day)	72.0	72.0	70.3	71.7	1.60	0.140
ADFI (g/bird/day)	100.7	99.8	101.2	102.0	2.09	0.251
FCR	1.400^B	1.385^A	1.438^D	1.423^C	0.0145	<0.001
Mortality (%)	2.50	1.25	1.25	1.25	4.677	0.933

PC, positive control; NC, negative control; RSE, residual standard error; BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio. ^{A – D} indicate that the values within the same row with no common superscripts were significantly different, P ≤ 0.05 (Duncan’s test).

Table 3. Carcass yield measurements, organ weights, intestinal segment lengths, and footpad dermatitis scores of the broiler chickens fed the experimental diets in experiment 1.

Item	Treatments				RSE	P-value
	PC	PC + Enzyme 350 ppm	NC	NC + Enzyme 500 ppm
Dressing^1 (%)	75.04	75.09	75.33	75.64	0.767	0.401
Breast^2 (%)	30.64	31.40	31.57	31.52	1.291	0.454
Thigh^2,3 (%)	18.37	18.13	17.92	18.15	0.505	0.399
Fat pad^2 (%)	1.76^ab	1.57^b	1.87^a	1.59^ab	0.264	0.089
Kidney^2 (%)	0.66^AB	0.69^A	0.69^A	0.63^B	0.045	0.045
Liver^2 (%)	2.21	2.24	2.32	2.11	0.183	0.166
Gizzard^2 (%)	1.13	1.14	1.17	1.15	0.141	0.960
Proventriculus^2 (%)	0.31	0.32	0.31	0.31	0.043	0.970
Duodenum^2 (%)	0.58	0.43	0.40	0.40	0.221	0.296
Jejunum^2 (%)	0.79^b	0.90^a	0.84^ab	0.80^b	0.085	0.061
Ileum^2 (%)	0.59^ab	0.67^a	0.58^b	0.57^b	0.086	0.098
Duodenum length (cm)	31.7	32.4	29.9	30.9	2.35	0.212
Jejunum length (cm)	80.4	82.9	80.3	80.6	5.68	0.763
Ileum length (cm)	86.1	90.5	86.1	86.1	6.00	0.373
Footpad score^4	23.4^a	25.0^a	50.0^b	37.5^ab	22.02	0.077

PC, positive control; NC, negative control; RSE, residual standard error. ^{A – B} indicate that the values within the same row with no common superscripts were significantly different, P ≤ 0.05 (Duncan’s test). ^{a – b} indicate that the values within the same row with no common superscripts tended to be different, 0.05 < P < 0.1 (Duncan’s test).¹ indicates dressing as a percentage of live weight (without head, neck, and feet). ² indicates relative weight as a percentage of carcass weight. ³ indicates thigh with bone. ⁴ indicates that foot pad dermatitis was calculated as: [(0 × the total number of birds with score 0) + (0.5 × the total number of birds with score 1) + (2 × the total number of birds with score 2)/total number of scored birds].

Table 4. Energy, crude protein, and amino acid utilization of the broiler chickens fed with the experimental diets during the digestibility balance phase, as well as the performance parameters in experiment 2 (24–28 d).

	Treatments
Item	PC	PC + Enzyme 350 ppm	RSE	P-value
AME ‘as fed’ (kcal/kg)	3,098	3,126	19.2	0.034
AMEn ‘as fed’ (kcal/kg)	2,918	2,942	18.0	0.042
Crude protein (%)	70.33	72.08	2.335	0.223
Total AA (%):	61.55	64.81	0.157	0.202
Lys (%)	74.76	77.03	2.554	0.154
Met (%)	65.00	68.03	4.139	0.234
Cys (%)	63.49	66.79	2.842	0.072
Thr (%)	59.06	62.38	4.532	0.233
Arg (%)	58.05	61.55	6.541	0.376
Ile (%)	59.78	63.03	5.450	0.326
Leu (%)	59.89	63.58	4.808	0.213
Phe (%)	60.58	63.39	4.959	0.350
His (%)	58.55	62.83	4.560	0.135
Ala (%)	58.90	62.83	5.503	0.244
Tyr (%)	59.40	62.08	4.749	0.352
Pro (%)	59.46	63.56	3.047	0.042
Trp (%)	69.02	71.05	4.421	0.446
Performance parameters (24–28 d):
BW at 24 days (g)	1,288	1,302	14.7	0.126
BW at 28 days (g)	1,663	1,694	22.2	0.036
ADG (g/bird/day)	93.8	98.0	4.12	0.111
ADFI (g/bird/day)	136.6	140.3	3.04	0.066
FCR	1.460	1.433	0.0581	0.443
Mortality (%)	0.00	0.00	–	–

PC, positive control; RSE, residual standard error; BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake.

Data availability statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.