The effects of Aronia melanocarpa (AM) dietary supplementation on production performance, meat and egg quality, yolk volatile substances and antioxidant capacity of laying hens

Figures & data

Table 1. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on organ index of laying hens.

Items, %	Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
Liver	27.72 ± 1.48	28.70 ± 1.94	29.30 ± 3.52	29.84 ± 1.63	0.4385
Ovary	49.39 ± 5.16	49.43 ± 2.05	49.69 ± 4.23	51.69 ± 3.80	0.7127
Gut	4.28 ± 0.31	4.27 ± 0.51	4.16 ± 0.55	3.80 ± 0.29	0.0790

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Table 2. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on production performance of laying hens.

Items	Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
Egg weight, g
Week 1	52.28 ± 0.32^a	53.93 ± 0.33^b	54.00 ± 0.75^b	54.20 ± 0.23^b	<0.0001
Week 2	54.85 ± 0.78	53.91 ± 0.73	53.86 ± 0.99	54.88 ± 0.92	0.733
Week 3	56.87 ± 0.35^b	55.27 ± 0.38^a	55.67 ± 0.28^a	55.46 ± 0.18^a	0.005
Week 4	57.62 ± 0.33^a	56.81 ± 0.34^a	56.84 ± 0.40^a	55.86 ± 0.13^b	0.007
Week 5	56.46 ± 0.35	56.90 ± 0.51	55.73 ± 0.80	55.78 ± 0.71	0.486
Week 6	56.07 ± 0.53	55.48 ± 0.51	54.90 ± 0.75	54.31 ± 1.94	0.697
Week 7	58.36 ± 0.45	57.52 ± 0.61	56.45 ± 1.66	56.63 ± 0.80	0.515
Week 8	59.53 ± 0.42	57.86 ± 0.40	59.18 ± 0.57	57.79 ± 0.69	0.062
Week 9	56.74 ± 1.65	56.44 ± 1.18	56.08 ± 1.04	57.94 ± 0.81	0.953
Weeks 1–9	56.71 ± 0.57	55.83 ± 0.60	55.86 ± 1.61	55.87 ± 0.45	0.3124
ADFI, g
Week 1	97.00 ± 3.17	96.20 ± 4.52	96.80 ± 3.28	97.00 ± 4.87	0.9835
Week 2	109.76 ± 4.11	110.24 ± 5.06	108.10 ± 4.02	109.76 ± 3.08	0.8181
Week 3	115.94 ± 1.15	116.13 ± 1.52	115.06 ± 2.01	114.44 ± 2.34	0.3598
Week 4	119.68 ± 2.85	117.87 ± 3.12	117.73 ± 4.12	119.62 ± 3.25	0.6193
Week 5	109.29 ± 4.14	109.09 ± 3.05	108.65 ± 4.02	112.00 ± 2.26	0.3495
Week 6	127.29 ± 3.65	131.33 ± 4.12	131.80 ± 3.41	127.12 ± 4.11	0.0804
Week 7	117.44 ± 4.10	120.91 ± 3.10	120.34 ± 2.02	117.23 ± 3.03	0.1174
Week 8	131.73 ± 2.06	132.51 ± 4.45	130.80 ± 3.25	128.74 ± 2.44	0.2284
Week 9	130.26 ± 2.13	131.47 ± 3.12	130.67 ± 2.07	131.89 ± 2.89	0.6931
Weeks 1–9	119.49 ± 3.21	121.64 ± 5.30	117.72 ± 5.02	118.64 ± 4.04	0.6814
FCR, g
Week 1	1.89 ± 0.01^d	1.82 ± 0.01^c	1.56 ± 0.01^a	1.79 ± 0.02^b	<0.0001
Week 2	2.19 ± 0.03^c	2.05 ± 0.03^b	1.83 ± 0.03^a	2.00 ± 0.03^b	<0.0001
Week 3	2.07 ± 0.01^b	2.16 ± 0.01^c	1.89 ± 0.01^a	2.06 ± 0.01^b	<0.0001
Week 4	2.08 ± 0.03^b	2.04 ± 0.03^a	2.07 ± 0.04^ab	2.37 ± 0.01^c	<0.0001
Week 5	1.94 ± 0.01^b	1.92 ± 0.01^b	1.70 ± 0.02^a	2.01 ± 0.02^c	<0.0001
Week 6	2.27 ± 0.02^a	2.58 ± 0.01^b	2.42 ± 0.03^a	2.36 ± 0.08^a	<0.0001
Week 7	2.01 ± 0.01^a	2.22 ± 0.02^b	2.18 ± 0.07^b	2.02 ± 0.03^a	<0.0001
Week 8	2.26 ± 0.02^a	2.32 ± 0.02^b	2.21 ± 0.02^a	2.23 ± 0.03^a	<0.0001
Week 9	2.36 ± 0.19	2.50 ± 0.13	2.35 ± 0.10	2.29 ± 0.07	0.0669
Weeks 1–9	2.10 ± 0.05^b	2.18 ± 0.08^b	2.02 ± 0.09^a	2.12 ± 0.06^b	0.0089
Egg rate %
Week 1	91.02 ± 2.05^b	88.50 ± 2.11^b	84.35 ± 3.02^a	92.12 ± 2.10^b	<0.0001
Week 2	94.51 ± 1.01^b	85.88 ± 2.15^a	82.35 ± 1.01^a	84.24 ± 4.05^a	0.012
Week 3	95.15 ± 1.03^b	88.05 ± 2.02^a	95.05 ± 2.11^b	94.45 ± 2.01^b	0.022
Week 4	90.05 ± 1.05	89.47 ± 2.13	89.48 ± 3.03	92.45 ± 2.22	0.690
Week 5	90.13 ± 2.00	91.45 ± 1.12	88.80 ± 2.04	90.08 ± 3.14	0.861
Week 6	76.42 ± 3.12	80.05 ± 2.20	75.45 ± 4.05	82.45 ± 3.02	0.438
Week 7	86.45 ± 2.22^ab	92.35 ± 1.02^b	85.43 ± 2.10^ab	82.12 ± 3.03^a	0.057
Week 8	91.49 ± 1.02	92.45 ± 1.05	91.25 ± 2.00	92.25 ± 2.12	0.969
Week 9	92.05 ± 2.04	96.12 ± 1.02	93.35 ± 5.00	97.15 ± 2.02	0.287
Weeks 1–9	89.42 ± 2.11	89.45 ± 1.01	90.25 ± 2.02	89.44 ± 2.00	0.712

^a,b,c Means within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: ADFI, average daily feed intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio (feed: egg, g: g).

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Table 3. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on pH of laying hens.

Items		Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
Breast muscle	24h	5.55 ± 0.18^a	5.55 ± 0.05^a	6.34 ± 0.37^b	5.67 ± 0.05^a	<0.0001
	48h	4.41 ± 0.06^a	4.68 ± 0.08^b	4.60 ± 0.18^b	4.66 ± 0.20^b	0.0154
	72h	4.79 ± 0.12^ab	4.93 ± 0.14^b	4.77 ± 0.03^ab	4.62 ± 0.05^a	0.0003
	96h	4.70 ± 0.13^ab	4.77 ± 0.14^b	4.56 ± 0.16^ab	4.39 ± 0.18^a	0.0019
	120h	4.49 ± 0.18^ab	4.54 ± 0.15^b	4.27 ± 0.18^a	4.52 ± 0.16^b	0.0406
	144h	4.71 ± 0.07^ab	4.91 ± 0.21^b	4.55 ± 0.06^a	4.56 ± 0.11^a	0.0002
	168h	4.84 ± 0.29	4.96 ± 0.20	4.67 ± 0.15	4.85 ± 0.20	0.1718
Thigh muscle	24h	5.66 ± 0.06^a	5.69 ± 0.15^a	6.12 ± 0.32^b	6.20 ± 0.13^b	<0.0001
	48h	4.66 ± 0.09^a	5.66 ± 0.11^b	5.05 ± 0.24^b	5.17 ± 0.16^b	<0.0001
	72h	4.88 ± 0.19^a	5.54 ± 0.24^b	5.01 ± 0.07^b	5.19 ± 0.13^b	<0.0001
	96h	5.19 ± 0.20^c	5.12 ± 0.42^bc	4.63 ± 0.25^a	4.89 ± 0.06^b	0.0067
	120h	4.66 ± 0.13^a	5.27 ± 0.27^c	4.95 ± 0.04^b	4.78 ± 0.34^a	0.001
	144h	4.75 ± 0.10^a	5.33 ± 0.14^b	4.75 ± 0.19^a	5.12 ± 0.11^ab	<0.0001
	168h	5.22 ± 0.16^a	5.53 ± 0.21^b	5.12 ± 0.11^a	5.47 ± 0.20^b	0.0014

^a,b,c Means within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Table 4. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on muscle colour and shear force of laying hens.

Items		Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
Breast muscle	L*	52.62 ± 0.28^c	53.08 ± 0.36^c	51.53 ± 0.32^b	48.51 ± 0.27^a	<0.0001
	a*	5.33 ± 0.29^c	4.84 ± 0.12^b	5.99 ± 0.11^c	3.48 ± 0.33^a	<0.0001
	b*	20.24 ± 0.12^c	17.46 ± 0.11^ab	15.98 ± 1.27^ab	14.81 ± 0.09^a	<0.0001
	Shear force	22.25 ± 0.44	23.15 ± 3.35	18.15 ± 6.15	19.49 ± 2.89	0.1113
Thigh muscle	L*	44.61 ± 1.53^b	36.93 ± 0.04^a	35.44 ± 0.16^a	43.74 ± 0.31^b	<0.0001
	a*	9.09 ± 0.38^a	12.20 ± 0.86^ab	13.40 ± 1.05^b	12.14 ± 0.60^ab	<0.0001
	b*	11.13 ± 0.43^b	9.90 ± 0.40^ab	7.61 ± 0.45^a	13.74 ± 0.71^c	<0.0001
	Shear force	22.35 ± 1.51	23.14 ± 0.90	20.19 ± 6.16	20.31 ± 2.00	0.3487

^a,b,c Means within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Table 5. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on muscle dripping and cooking loss.

Items		Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
	24h	3.30 ± 0.58^c	1.80 ± 0.20^b	1.30 ± 0.00^a	1.77 ± 0.10^b	<0.0001
	48h	1.25 ± 0.17^a	2.68 ± 0.34^c	2.59 ± 0.18^c	2.20 ± 0.14^b	<0.0001
	72h	1.78 ± 0.34^ab	2.13 ± 0.21^b	1.38 ± 0.23^a	2.05 ± 0.10^b	<0.0001
Breast	96h	2.05 ± 0.21^ab	1.94 ± 0.20^a	2.22 ± 0.05^b	2.41 ± 0.10^b	0.0002
muscles %	120h	1.69 ± 0.38^ab	1.38 ± 0.26^a	2.44 ± 0.17^b	2.14 ± 0.21^b	<0.0001
	144h	2.42 ± 0.12^b	1.95 ± 0.09^a	2.14 ± 0.15^ab	2.13 ± 0.09^ab	<0.0001
Cooking loss		14.63 ± 0.18^b	14.42 ± 0.18^b	14.60 ± 0.09^b	13.40 ± 0.20^a	<0.0001
	24h	3.89 ± 0.16^c	1.70 ± 0.08^a	2.03 ± 0.15^ab	2.46 ± 0.20^ab	<0.0001
	48h	1.97 ± 0.17^b	1.69 ± 0.06^a	1.61 ± 0.08^a	1.70 ± 0.08^a	<0.0001
	72h	3.16 ± 0.01^b	2.43 ± 0.05^a	3.63 ± 0.06^c	2.45 ± 0.16^a	<0.0001
Thigh	96h	1.62 ± 0.08^a	1.84 ± 0.04^ab	2.50 ± 0.15^b	2.23 ± 0.05^b	<0.0001
muscles %	120h	2.68 ± 0.04^c	1.24 ± 0.19^a	2.57 ± 0.17^c	1.63 ± 0.07^ab	<0.0001
	144h	1.64 ± 0.02^a	2.45 ± 0.07^b	1.76 ± 0.02^a	2.01 ± 0.07^b	<0.0001
Cooking loss		26.17 ± 0.26^c	21.68 ± 0.26^a	22.69 ± 0.16^a	24.39 ± 0.21^ab	<0.0001

^a,b,c Means within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Table 6. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on egg quality of laying hens.

Items	Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
Egg shape index	1.27 ± 0.01^a	1.28 ± 0.01^ab	1.29 ± 0.01^b	1.27 ± 0.01^a	0.0064
Yolk colour	7.55 ± 0.14	7.34 ± 0.12	7.69 ± 0.17	7.57 ± 0.11	0.8975
Eggshell thickness, mm	0.40 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.01	0.41 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.00	0.4854
Eggshell strength, N	50.16 ± 1.35^a	52.58 ± 1.30^b	52.12 ± 0.95^b	51.21 ± 1.00^b	0.0090
Albumen height, mm	7.82 ± 0.19^a	8.06 ± 0.09^ab	8.34 ± 0.12^b	7.92 ± 0.12^a	<0.0001
Haugh unit	80.85 ± 0.84^a	81.73 ± 0.70^a	85.36 ± 1.33^b	80.19 ± 0.63^a	<0.0001

^a,b,c Means within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 15). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Figure 1. GC-MS total ion current chromatograms of egg yolks. Abbreviations: a: control group, b: LAM group, c: MAM group, d: HAM group.

Table 7. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on volatile substances in yolk of laying hens.

Volatiles	Control	LAM	MAM	HAM
Esters (13)	180.21	176.72	98.51	83.38
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	70.73	35.47	–	–
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester	22.76	–	–	–
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester	16.49	–	–	–
Methyl stearate	61.40	–	–	–
L-Proline, 5-oxo-, methyl ester	–	19.43	–	–
Ethyl iso-allocholate	–	34.53	16.54	–
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3á)-, tetradecanoate	–	23.67	–	21.10
Cholesterol margarate	–	19.79	12.89	16.04
Cholesterol	–	43.83	39.92	46.24
10-Heptadecen-8-ynoic acid, methyl ester, (E)-	–	–	9.05	–
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester	–	–	7.93	–
Methyl 3-(acetyloxy)-20-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oate	–	–	12.18	–
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester	8.83	–	–	–
Alcohols (6)	127.10	17.05	40.57	51.19
Palmidrol	79.26	–	30.06	39.34
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol	17.54	–	–	–
Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-	30.30	–	–	–
Ethanol, 2-(9-octadecenyloxy)-, (Z)-	–	–	–	11.85
5-Methyl-4,6-pyrimidinediol	–	17.05	–	–
1-Heptatriacotanol	–	–	10.51	–
Olefins (7)	45.56	132.58	57.63	95.94
3-Methyl-Z,Z-4,6-hexadecadiene	10.79	–	–	–
8-Heptadecene	14.20	8.50	24.76	8.36
Cholesta-3,5-diene	20.57	30.66	27.31	28.25
17-Chloro-7-heptadecyne	–	5.03	–	–
Octadecanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) –	–	43.40	–	–
5-Heptadecene, 1-bromo-	–	–	5.56	–
4-Hexyl-1-(7-methoxycarbonylheptyl)bicyclo[4.4.0]deca-2,5,7-triene	–	44.99	–	59.33
Alkanes (6)	19.23	77.63	54.34	28.03
1,1-Bis(dodecyloxy)hexadecane	–	8.32	–	–
Pentadecane	–	15.02	7.25	10.42
2,6,10-Trimethyltetradecane	19.23	19.30	16.13	17.61
Pyrrolidine, 1-(1-oxo-7,10-hexadecadienyl)-	–	34.99	–	–
Tetradecane	–	–	12.65	–
Eicosane	–	–	18.31	–
Ketones (2)	0	20.06	0	14.41
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-(9-octadecenyl)-	–	20.06	–	–
1-[(9E)-9-Octadecenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone	–	–	–	14.41
Acid (3)	0	52.44	41.30	60.67
cis-Vaccenic acid	–	9.20	7.12	–
Octadecanoic acid	–	43.24	34.18	51.67
trans-13-Octadecenoic acid	–	–	–	9.00
Heterocycle (4)	21.65	7.92	0	78.37
Oleoyl chloride	21.65	–	–	–
(3S,3aS)-3-Butyl-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydroisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one	–	7.92	–	13.21
3,4-Dihydro-1-methylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine	–	–	–	48.90
Pyrimidine-4,6-diol, 5-methyl-	–	–	–	16.26

Note: – indicates no detection. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Data are the mean of three replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Table 8. Effects of feed supplemented with AM on antioxidant parameters of laying hens.

Items	Control	LAM	MAM	HAM	p-value
Serum
MDA (nmol/L)	3.30 ± 0.36^b	1.44 ± 0.17^a	0.94 ± 0.13^a	1.16 ± 0.29^a	<0.0001
T-SOD (U/mL)	33.42 ± 1.89^a	40.64 ± 4.49^ab	53.15 ± 6.93^b	43.70 ± 3.85^ab	<0.0001
GPX (U/mL)	2156.00 ± 107.00^a	4745.00 ± 27.28^c	6043.00 ± 11.09^d	3542.00 ± 105.90^b	<0.0001
T-AOC (U/mL)	1.10 ± 0.01^a	1.11 ± 0.00^ab	1.14 ± 0.00^b	1.13 ± 0.00^b	<0.0001
Liver
MDA (nmol/mgprot)	11.55 ± 0.39^b	9.82 ± 0.20^a	10.38 ± 0.39^a	10.51 ± 0.18^ab	0.014
T-SOD (U/mgprot)	678.10 ± 33.04^a	709.50 ± 11.22^b	698.90 ± 11.31^b	660.00 ± 11.06^a	0.021
GPX (U/mgprot)	89.92 ± 0.97^a	117.80 ± 4.29^c	110.80 ± 1.51^bc	106.40 ± 1.08^b	<0.0001
T-AOC (U/mgprot)	1.07 ± 0.02^a	1.14 ± 0.01^b	1.13 ± 0.01^b	1.11 ± 0.00^ab	0.009
Ovary
MDA (nmol/mgprot)	3.25 ± 0.53^b	2.65 ± 0.50^a	2.29 ± 0.45^a	2.21 ± 0.48^a	0.0060
T-SOD (U/mgprot)	14.05 ± 0.35^a	17.44 ± 0.10^b	22.85 ± 0.41^c	22.28 ± 0.41^c	<0.0001
GPX (U/mgprot)	104.59 ± 18.03^a	114.28 ± 14.11^a	183.19 ± 26.76^b	72.90 ± 9.99^a	0.008
T-AOC (U/mgprot)	0.48 ± 0.00	0.49 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.02	0.304
Chest muscle
MDA (nmol/mgprot)	12.14 ± 0.60^ab	12.20 ± 0.86^ab	12.09 ± 0.38^a	13.40 ± 1.05^b	0.0210
T-SOD (U/mgprot)	30.55 ± 2.89^ab	41.90 ± 2.19^c	39.70 ± 1.22^bc	28.01 ± 4.15^a	<0.0001
GPX (U/mgprot)	470.10 ± 12.59^ab	483.20 ± 8.63^b	494.30 ± 1.53^b	450.10 ± 6.64^a	<0.0001
T-AOC (U/mgprot)	0.57 ± 0.03^a	1.69 ± 0.03^b	0.67 ± 0.04^a	0.56 ± 0.04^a	<0.0001
Thigh muscle
MDA (nmol/mgprot)	1.08 ± 0.01^c	1.04 ± 0.00^a	1.05 ± 0.00^ab	1.07 ± 0.00^bc	<0.0001
T-SOD (U/mgprot)	14.81 ± 0.09^a	20.24 ± 0.12^b	17.46 ± 0.11^b	15.98 ± 1.27^ab	<0.0001
GPX (U/mgprot)	35.44 ± 0.16^a	44.61 ± 1.53^b	43.74 ± 0.31^b	36.93 ± 0.04^ab	<0.0001
T-AOC (U/mgprot)	1.09 ± 0.08^a	1.20 ± 0.06^b	1.40 ± 0.05^b	1.14 ± 0.06^b	<0.0001
Yolk
MDA (nmol/mgprot)	86.96 ± 4.11^b	61.19 ± 4.57^a	57.80 ± 0.90^a	60.06 ± 3.16^a	<0.0001
T-SOD (U/mgprot)	60.14 ± 2.98^a	151.30 ± 2.90^c	104.20 ± 4.55^b	102.70 ± 1.10^b	<0.0001
GPX (U/mgprot)	103.40 ± 2.87^a	120.20 ± 4.81^b	290.20 ± 3.93^c	118.40 ± 5.45^b	<0.0001
T-AOC (U/mgprot)	0.68 ± 0.02^a	0.86 ± 0.03^b	0.91 ± 0.02^b	0.89 ± 0.04^b	0.001

^a,b,c,d Means within a row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: GPX, Glutathione peroxidase, MDA, Malondialdehyde, T-SOD, Total superoxide dismutase, T-AOC, Total antioxidant capacity.

Note: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Figure 2. Effects of AM on Liver and ovary antioxidant gene expression of laying hens. Note:^a,b,c,d Different superscripts within a row indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). Abbreviations: SOD1, Superoxide Dismutase 1, GPX1, Glutathione peroxidase 1, NQO1, NADPH: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. Control: Basal diet, LAM: 1% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, MAM: 4% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet, HAM: 7% of Aronia melanocarpa plus diet.

Figure 3. Correlation analysis of antioxidant genes in ovarian tissue with meat quality and egg quality. Abbreviations: GPX1, Glutathione peroxidase 1, NQO1, NADPH: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1, SOD1, Superoxide Dismutase 1. BM: Breast muscle, TM: Thigh muscle. Red: Positive correlation, Blue: Negative correlation. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). Data are the mean of six replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Data availability statement

The results and analyses presented in this paper are freely available upon request.