Urban sprawl and its impact on sustainable urban development: a combination of remote sensing and social media data

Figures & data

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of Twitter data in Morogoro urban municipality

Figure 2. Overview of our research approach

Figure 3. Overview of our research approach

Figure 4. Kernel surface fitted

Table 1. Land cover n change in the Morogoro urban municipality and the impact on ecosystems services

	2011		2015		2017
Land cover	Percentage (%)	Area (km^2)	(%)	km^2	(%)	km^2	Impact on ecosystems services
Built-up	4.300	22.40	7.20	36.54	8.70	48.89	Negative
Agriculture	19.29	105.11	18.90	101.24	18.60	98.86	Positive
Water	0.40	2.50	0.30	2.10	0.30	2.20	Positive
Vegetation	75.92	410.57	73.60	400.70	72.40	390.63	Positive

Figure 5. Land cover distribution of Morogoro urban municipality

Figure 6. Kernel distance value increasing of new user account and Tweets location for seven years

Figure 7. A correlation between number of Twitter accounts and population in the area

Figure 8. Spatial distribution of urban land from 2011 to 2017, and Twitter data in 2011 and 2017

Figure 9. Increased population from 2012 to 2017 in Morogoro

Table 2. SDG Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Target and description	Indicator	Suggested actions for planning authorities in Morogoro
Target 11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums.	Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing	Adoption of urban renewal projects to close the gap on unplanned sections of Morogoro urban municipality; Development of infrastructure provision models to support government’s inadequate funding
Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.	Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate; Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically	Planning mass (high-rise) housing as against single household developments; A socially-inclusive engagement framework to guide the planning and management of Morogoro urban municipality
Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management	Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities;	Develop an economically viable, socially-acceptable and environmentally-sound SWM framework for Morogoro urban municipality
Target 11.7: By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.	Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities; Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months	Encourage establishment of urban parks/gardens and protect same from degradation; Deploy security mechanisms to protect vulnerable persons; Develop urban infrastructure to support and ease movement for the disabled.

Table 3. SDG Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Target and description	Indicator	Suggested actions for planning authorities in Morogoro
Target 15.2: By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally.	Recorded progress toward successful forest management	The municipality should improve and sustain its currently running tree planting programme; Strengthen and enforce regulatory guidelines to forestall unsustainable vegetation loss in and around Morogoro urban municipality.
Target 15.3: By 2020, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land- degradation-neutral world.	Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area	Periodic assessment and documentation of status of degradation accompanied with mitigation measures to reverse degradation where and when observed
Target 15.5: Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity, and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species.	Red List Index (RLI)	Periodic assessment and documentation of biodiversity conservation status in line with the Red List of threatened species by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) accompanied with mitigation measures to improve the conservation status where and when observed within the study area.
Target 15.9: By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts.	Progress toward national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020	Periodic assessment and documentation of status of biodiversity loss accompanied with mitigation measures to reverse the recorded loss where and when observed