Cluster and characteristic analysis of Shanghai metro stations based on metro card and land-use data

Figures & data

Figure 1. Technical route

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of various stations

Figure 3. Average inbound and outbound passenger flow on the workday and weekend of type 1 stations

Figure 4. Average inbound and outbound passenger flow on the workday and weekend of type 2 stations

Figure 5. Average inbound and outbound passenger flow on the workday and weekend of type 3 stations

Figure 6. Average inbound and outbound passenger flow on the workday and weekend of type 4 stations

Figure 7. Average proportion of inbound and outbound passenger flow on working and weekend days of four types of stations

Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of inbound and outbound passenger flow on weekday and weekend of four types of stations

Category	Workday	Weekend
Type 1	Obvious inbound peak in the morning and outbound peak in the evening.	Inbound passenger flow decreases with time during the day, whereas outbound passenger flow increases.
Type 2	Obvious outbound peak in the morning and inbound peak in the evening. The outbound peak in the morning is relatively steeper.	Inbound passenger flow is larger in the evening and at night. And outbound passenger flow distribution is more balanced.
Type 3	Obvious outbound peak in the morning and inbound peak in the evening. The inbound peak in the evening is relatively steeper.	Inbound passenger flow increases slowly with time in the daytime, and outbound passenger flow distribution is more balanced.
Type 4	The peaks are obvious in the morning and evening, and the difference between the peaks is not obvious.	The distribution of passenger flow in and out of the station is relatively balanced.

Figure 8. Daily average number and proportion of passengers with different travel time

Figure 9. Proportions of different types of land use in the 500 m range around different types of stations

Figure 10. Z-score values of different types of land-use areas within 500 m around different types of stations

Table 2. Summary of classification characteristics of Shanghai metro stations

Category	Characteristics of Surrounding Land Use	Characteristics of passenger flow	The relationship between land use and passenger flow
Type 1: Residential oriented stations	The proportions of public management and service land, commercial service facilities land, and road and transportation facilities land are the lowest among the four types, while those of other land use items are the highest.	On workday, the crowd arrived at the surrounding area of the stations, and left in the evening. During the weekend, the inbound passenger flow decreased while the outbound flow increased in the day time. The proportions of short-distance and mid-distance travels are relatively high.	The public services, commercial services and office space around the stations are not enough, and a large number of residents go to other places for employment, leisure and recreation.
Type 2: Integrated functional oriented stations	The proportion of residential land, public management and service land, commercial service facilities land, and road and transportation facilities land are relatively high, while those of industrial land and logistics storage land and public facilities land are lower.	On workday, there are a large number of people entering and leaving stations in the morning and evening; on the weekend, the outbound passenger flow is more balanced in the daytime, and the inbound passenger flow is larger in the evening and at night. The short-distance travel accounts for a large proportion.	In the surrounding area, public services, commercial services and office space are more concentrated, and living space is relatively adequate. Thus, area around the stations attracting many people from other areas to have employment, leisure and entertainment, while some local residents are also employed in other places.
Type 3: Employment oriented stations	The proportions of commercial service facilities land and road and transportation facilities land are at the highest level in the four categories, while the one of industrial land and logistics storage land is relatively high, while that of residential land is the lowest.	On workday, a large number of people arrive at the area around the station and leave at night. On weekend, the inbound passenger flow increases slowly with time in the daytime, and outbound passenger flow distribution is more balanced. The short-distance and mid-distance travel account for a large proportion.	In the surrounding area, work and office space is more concentrated, while living space is relatively inadequate. So the surrounding area attracts more people who live elsewhere to work here.
Type 4: employment-residence oriented stations	Industrial land and logistics warehouse land have the highest proportions among the four categories, while public management land and public service land and commercial service facilities land are in the middle.	On workday, there are obvious inbound and outbound flows in the morning and evening. On weekend, the outbound and inbound flows are relatively balanced.	There is no obvious shortage of office or service space around. The number of the people from other places to work here and the people who work in other places are close in number.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.