Advances in spaceborne hyperspectral remote sensing in China

Figures & data

Figure 1. The development history of the spaceborne HRS sensors in China

Table 1. Specifications of the chinese spaceborne HRS sensors

Sensor	Year	Altitude (km)	Spectral range (μm)	Spectral res. (nm)	Bands	Spatial res. (m)	Swath width (km)	Satellite net
SZ-3 CMODIS	2002	334	0.4–12.5	20–1000	34	400–500	650–700	No
Chang’E-1 IIM	2007	–	0.48–0.96	325.5 cm^−1	32	200	25.6	No
Chang’E-3 VNIS	2016	–	0.45–2.4	2–12	400	–	–	No
FY-3 MERSI-1	2008	836	0.4–12.5	20–1000	20	250/1000	2048	Yes
FY-3 MERSI-2	2017	836	0.4–12.5	20–1000	25	250/1000	2048	Yes
HJ-1A HSI	2008	649	0.45–0.95	5	115	100	50	Yes
TG-1 HSI	2011	340	0.4–2.5	10/20	128	10/20	10	No
SPARK HSI	2016	700	0.41–1.11	4.5	160	50	100	Yes
GF-5 AHSI	2018	705	0.4–2.5	5/10	330	30	60	No
OHS HSI	2018	500	0.41–1.11	2.5	32	10	150	Yes
ZY-1 02D HSI	2019	–	0.4–2.5	10/20	166	30	60	Yes
Tianwen-1 Spectrometer	2020	–	0.45–3.4	10/12/25	–	–	–	No

Table 2. Main specifications of the CMODIS sensor

Specifications	VIS	NIR	SWIR	TIR
Wavelength (μm)	0.40–0.80	0.82–1.02	2.15–2.25	8.4–8.9	10.3–12.5
Spectral bands	20	10	1	1	2
Spectral resolution (nm)	20	20	100	500	1000
SNR	≥1000	≥1000	≥300	≤0.25 K @300 K	≤0.25 K @300 K
Swath width	650–700 km
Spatial resolution	400–500 m @ 334 ± 5 km orbit height

Table 3. Main specifications of the chang’e sensors

Specifications	IIM	VNIS
Wavelength (μm)	0.48–0.96	0.45–0.95	0.9–2.4
Spectral bands	32	400
Spectral resolution	7.62 nm/29 nm	2–7 nm	3–12 nm
Digitization	12 bit	10 bit	16 bit
Pixel number	256 × 256	256 × 256	1
Swath width	25.6 km	–
Spatial resolution	200 m	–

Table 4. Main specifications of the MERSI-1 and MERSI-2 sensors

Specifications	MERSI-1		MERSI-2
	VNIR	TIR	VNIR	MIR	TIR
Wavelength (μm)	0.4–2.1	10–12.5	0.4–2.1	3.7–4.1	7.0–12.5
Spectral bands	19	1	19	2	4
Spectral resolution (nm)	20/50	2500	20–50	155–180	300–1000
Digitization	12 bit		12 bit
Pixel number	8192/2048		8192/2048
Swath width	2048 km		2048 km
Spatial resolution	250/1000 m		250/1000 m

Table 5. Main specifications of the HJ-1A HSI sensor

Specifications	HJ-1A HSI
Wavelength	0.45–0.95 μm
Spectral bands	110–128
Spectral resolution	5 nm
Spatial resolution	100 m
Swath width	50 km
Orbit altitude	649 km
Orbit inclination	97.9486°

Table 6. Main specifications of the TG-1 HSIsensor compared to EO-1 hyperion

Specifications	TG-1 HSI		EO-1 Hyperion
	VNIR	SWIR	VNIR	SWIR
Wavelength (μm)	0.4–1.0	1.0–2.5	0.4–1.0	0.9–2.5
Spectral bands	64	64	60	160
Spatial resolution (m)	10	20	30	30
IFOV (°)	0.025	0.05	0.043
Swath width (km)	10		7.7
Orbit altitude (km)	340		705

IFOV = instantaneous field of view.

Table 7. Main specifications of the SPARK wide-range HSI sensor

Specifications	SPARK wide-range HSI
Wavelength	0.4–1.0 μm
Spectral bands	160
Spectral resolution	4.5 nm
Spatial resolution	50 m
Swath width	100 km
Weight	47 kg
Orbit altitude	700 km

Table 8. Main specifications of the GF-5 AHSI sensor

Specifications	AHSI
	VNIR	SWIR
Wavelength	0.4–1.0	1.0–2.5
Spectral resolution	5 nm	10 nm
Spectral bands	150	180
Swath width	60 km
Spatial resolution	30 m
Orbit altitude	705 km

Table 9. Main specifications of the OHS HSI sensor

Specifications	OHS HSI
Wavelength	0.4–1.1 μm
Spectral bands	32(256)
Spectral resolution (nm)	2.5
Spatial resolution (m)	10
Swath width (km)	150
SNR	≥300
Orbit parameters	Altitude: 500 km Inclination: 98°

Table 10. Main specifications of the ZY-1 02D HSI.

Specifications	ZY-1 02D HSI
Wavelength (μm)	0.4–2.5
Spectral bands	VNIR: 76	SWIR: 90
Spectral resolution	VNIR: 10 nm	SWIR: 20 nm
Swath width	60 km
Spatial resolution	30 m

Table 11. Main specifications of the Tianwen-1 spectrometer

Specifications	Tianwen-1 Spectrometer
Wavelength (μm)	0.45–1.05	1.0–3.4
Spectral resolution	10 nm	12 nm@1.0–2.0 μm 25 nm@2.0–3.4 μm
FOV	12
Digitization	12 bits
Weights	8 kg

Figure 2. The processing framework for spaceborne HRS

Figure 3. Visualization of the destriping results for HJ-1A data and SPARK data using the method proposed by Zhong et al. 2020. (a) HJ-1A. (b) HJ-1A destriping result. (c) SPARK. (d) SPARK destriping result

Figure 4. The hyperspectral image classification task. (a) GF-5 HIS. (b) classification map

Table 12. Common vegetation indices

Method	Formulation
NDVI (Huete et al. 2002)	(NIR-Red)/(NIR + Red)
RVI (Elvidge and Chen 1995)	NIR/Red
EVI (Huete et al. 2002)	2.5(NIR-Red)/(NIR+6Red-7.5Blue+1)
GNDVI (Hunt et al. 2010)	(R750-R550)/(R750+R550)
NPCI (Penuelas et al. 1994)	(R680-R430)/(R680+R430)
NDRE (Tian et al. 2011)	(NIR-Rededge)/(NIR+Rededge)
MTCI (Dash and Curran 2004)	(NIR-Rededge)/(Rededge-Red)
SAVI (Qi et al. 1994)	(NIR-Red) (1 + L)/(NIR + Red + L)

Figure 5. Crop classification in the city of Xiantao in China using OHS hyperspectral imagery

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Data availability statement

The raw data used to support the findings of this study have not been made available and shared at this time as the data also form part of an ongoing study. The HJ-1A data used can be queried and downloaded from the website of China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA) (http://www.cresda.com/).