Exploring metro vibrancy and its relationship with built environment: a cross-city comparison using multi-source urban data

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area of: (a) Shenzhen; (b) Singapore; (c) London.

Figure 2. The multi-source geospatial-data driven framework to explore the vibrancy of the metro service area.

Figure 3. Physical vibrancy. Cumulative frequency: (a). Spatial distribution: (b) Shenzhen; (c) Singapore; (d) London.

Figure 4. Virtual vibrancy. Cumulative frequency: (a). Spatial distribution: (b) Shenzhen; (c) Singapore; (d) London.

Figure 5. Correlation between physical vibrancy and virtual vibrancy. (a) Shenzhen; (b) Singapore; (c) London.

Figure 6. The integrated vibrancy. Cumulative frequency: (a). Spatial distribution: (b) Shenzhen; (c) Singapore; (d) London.

Table 1. Moran’s I test of the integrated vibrancy

City	MoraMoran‘s I	Z-value	P-value
Shenzhen	0.358	10.542	0.000
Singapore	0.386	11.683	0.000
London	0.461	17.591	0.001

Table 2. The results for the OLS model

	Shenzhen				Singapore				London
	Coefficient	t-value	p-value	SD	Coefficient	t-value	p-value	SD	Coefficient	t-value	p-value	SD
Constant	0.407			0.033	0.006			0.094	0.402			0.007
Income	0.160	3.503**	0.001	0.046	−0.134	−2.493*	0.014	0.054	0.169	6.565**	0.000	0.026
Road density	0.176	4.765**	0.000	0.037
Bust stop density									0.260	6.577**	0.000	0.040
Commercial land ratio					0.340	6.378**	0.000	0.053	−0.07	−2.751**	0.006	0.025
Residential land ratio					0.819	11.030**	0.000	0.074
Industrial land ratio	−0.304	−5.761**	0.000	0.053
Land use mix	0.114	2.447*	0.015	0.047	0.635	6.516**	0.000	0.097
GSI	0.377	7.561**	0.000	0.050					0.332	10.78**	0.000	0.031
R^2	0.549				0.590				0.748
AIC	−309.8				−200.3				−839.6

* confidential level = 0.05, ** confidential level = 0.01. SD: standard deviation; AIC: Akaike information criterion.

Table 3. The results for spatial lag models

	Shenzhen				Singapore				London
	Coefficient	t-value	p-value	SD	Coefficient	t-value	p-value	SD	Coefficient	t-value	p-value	SD
Constant	0.240	4.252**	0.000	0.056	−0.185	−1.649	0.099	0.112	0.217	9.205**	0.000	0.023
Spatial lag component	0.274	3.431**	0.000	0.080	0.343	2.928**	0.003	0.117	0.429	8.162**	0.000	0.052
Income	0.138	3.184**	0.001	0.043	−0.110	−2.178*	0.029	0.050	0.094	3.813**	0.000	0.024
Road density	0.136	3.672**	0.000	0.037
Bust stop density									0.232	6.514**	0.000	0.035
Commercial land ratio					0.298	5.722**	0.000	0.052	−0.051	−2.281**	0.022	0.022
Residential land ratio					0.795	11.274**	0.000	0.070
Industrial land ratio	−0.263	−5.225**	0.000	0.050
Land use mix	0.103	2.349*	0.018	0.044	0.561	5.974**	0.000	0.094
GSI	0.342	7.110	0.000	0.048					0.175	5.402**	0.000	0.032
R^2	0.595				0.629				0.799
AIC	−318.704				−205.826				−902.289

* confidential level = 0.05, ** confidential level = 0.01. SD: standard deviation; AIC: Akaike information criterion.

Data availability statements

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Commission of Shenzhen Transportation, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the Commission of Shenzhen Transportation.