Spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibetan areas of China utilizing the multi-level diffusion model

Figures & data

Figure 1. The Tibetan areas in China.

Figure 2. Framework of the spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa monasteries.

Figure 3. Multi-Level diffusion model.

Figure 4. Diffusion stage model.

Figure 5. Early diffusion of Gelugpa monastery in Tibetan Inhabited Areas.

Figure 6. Diffusion speeds of Gelugpa monasteries in the Three Tibetan Inhabited Areas.

Figure 7. Diffusion stages of Gelugpa monasteries in the Three Tibetan Inhabited Areas.

Figure 8. Spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa monasteries in U-Tsang.

Figure 9. Spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa monasteries in Kham.

Figure 10. Spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa monasteries in Amdo.

Figure 11. Major diffusion centers of Gelugpa monasteries in Amdo.

Table 1. The accuracy verification on unknown diffusion reconstruction.

Period	Traceable contagious diffusions	Totally consistent diffusions	Homologous diffusions	Inconsistent diffusions
1409–1500	59	41	15	3
1500–1600	6	1	4	1
1600–1700	28	8	18	2
1700–1800	20	2	12	6
1800–1900	15	4	5	6
1900–2020	24	5	0	19
Total	152	61	54	37
Ratio	1	0.40	0.36	0.24

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are involved in religious issues and are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.