Study of air contamination in Iraq using remotely sensed Data and GIS

Figures & data

Figure 1. The study area Iraq.

Table 1. Remotely sensed data properties.

No.	Data	Satellite	Acquisition date	Resolution	Projection	Datum
1	PM2.5	MODIS	3/08/2020	30 m	UTM	WGS1984
2	SO2	MERRA-2	30/08/2020	30 m	UTM	WGS1984
3	NO2	GOME-2	20/08/2020	30m	UTM	WGS1984

Figure 2. The workflow.

Figure 3. Ground stations.

Figure 4. Spatial Distribution Maps of PM_2.5 (a), SO₂ (b), and (c) NO₂.

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of the air quality, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ in Iraq.

Table 2. AQI breakpoints.

AQI ILow - IHigh	PM2.5(μg/m^3) DLow- DHigh	PM10(μg/m^3) DLow- DHigh	NO2(PPB) DLow- DHigh	SO2(PPB) DLow- DHigh	Air Quality
0-50	0 − 12.0	0-54	0-53	0-35	Good
51-100	12.1-35.4	55-154	54-100	36-75	Moderate
101-150	35.5 − 55.4	155-254	101-360	76-185	Unhealthy for sensitive groups
151-200	55.5 − 150.4	255-354	361-649	186-304	Unhealthy
201-300	150.5 − 250.4	355-424	650-1249	305-604	Very unhealthy
301-500	250.5 − 500.4	425-604	1250-2049	605-1004	Hazardous

Figure 6. Spatio-temporal variation in temperature and humidity in Iraq (June to September 2020).

Figure 7. LS cross-validation.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics generated by the LS model using hourly data.

Regression Statistics		Variables	P-value	Coefficients
Multiple R	0.94	PM2.5	9.04669E-08	1.023
R Square	0.88	PM10	7.6789E-09	0.113
Adjusted R^2	0.86	SO2	4.04479E-05	−0.027
Standard Error	2.83	NO2	0.013782565	0.191
Observations	40	Intercept	3.26302E-09	50.897

Figure 8. GWR cross-validation.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics generated by the GWR model using hourly data.

ID	Definition	Variable
1	Bandwidth	5.089
6	R^2	0.85
7	R^2 Adjusted	0.84
8	Dependent	AQI
9	Explanatory	PM2.5
10	Explanatory	PM10
11	Explanatory	NO2

Figure 9. Accuracy evaluation of; (a) LS model, and (b) GWR model.

Data availability statement

The data used in this study are obtained from online sources via links; https://air-quality.com/country/iraq/6296425d?lang=en&standard=aqi_us, and https://go.nasa.gov/3zb30zr.