Seasonality of meteorological factors influencing the COVID-19 era in coastal and inland regions of Bangladesh

Figures & data

Table 1. The impact of different meteorological factors on total number of COVID-19 cases in different climatic conditions.

References	Studied environmental factors				Area of application	Climatic region
	H	T	W	R
Bashir et al. (2020)	√	√	√	√	USA	All
Islam et al. (2020a)	√	√	√		Bangladesh	Sub-tropical,
Shi et al. (2020)	√	√			China	Sub-tropical
Sajadi et al. (2020)	√	√			50 cities worldwide	All
Tosepu et al. (2020)	√	√		√	Indonesia	Tropical
Auler et al. (2020)	√	√		√	Brazil	Tropical, semiarid
Shi et al. (2020b)	√				China	Sub-tropical
Şahin (2020)	√	√	√		Turkey (9 cities)	Mediterranean, humid
Yao et al. (2020)	√	√			China	Sub-tropical
Iqbal et al. (2020a)		√			Entire world	All
Islam, Hasanuzzaman, Shammi, et al. (2021)	√	√	√	√	Bangladesh	Sub-tropical, humid
Wu et al. (2020)	√	√			166 countries	All
Liu et al. (2020)	√	√			China	Sub-tropical
Xie and Zhu (2020)	√				China (122 cities)	Sub-tropical
Ma et al. (2020)	√	√			China (Wuhan)	Sub-tropical
Qi et al. (2020)	√	√			China	Sub-tropical
Li et al. (2020)		√	√		China	Sub-tropical
Rendana (2020)			√		Indonesia	Sub-tropical
Yuan et al. (2021)	√	√	√		127 countries	All
Coccia (2021)			√		Italy	Mediterranean, humid subtropical
Abdelhafez et al. (2021)	√	√	√		Jordan	Subtropical
Khursheed et al. (2021)	√	√			Italy	Sub-tropical
Hirodoy et al. (2021)	√	√		√	Bangladesh	Sub-tropical

Figure 1. Selected coastal and inland areas among seven climatic zones of Bangladesh.

Table 2. Descriptive analysis of the meteorological factors and daily confirmed cases of selected areas (March 20 August, 21).

Region	District	Statistics	Daily confirmed cases	Earth skin temperature	Wind speed	Relative HUMIDITY	Precipitation	UV index
INLAND	Rangpur	Mean	21.13	26.31	2.82	74.09	10.26	1.34
		Minimum	0	12.55	0.96	21.81	.00	0.21
		Maximum	270	33.93	10.78	95.31	159.08	2.84
		Standard deviation	30.83	4.60	1.13	17.56	17.44	0.51
	Raj Shahi (Nawabganj)	Mean	7.15	26.95	2.79	69.63	5.67	1.30
		Minimum	0	12.15	0.71	15.81	.00	0.3
		Maximum	150	36.90	11.03	94.25	93.93	2.25
		Standard deviation	16.31	5.41	1.25	20.51	9.90	0.52
	Dhaka	Mean	913.19	26.61	3.01	77.03	8.45	1.53
		Minimum	0	14.05	0.81	31.56	.00	0.20
		Maximum	4509	34.30	10.12	95.50	96.07	4.25
		Standard deviation	934.66	4.46	1.41	15.22	11.94	0.58
COASTALLAND	Khulna (Jessore)	Mean	34.94	26.87	2.82	75.52	8.11	1.39
		Minimum	0	12.69	0.73	26.12	0.00	0
		Maximum	410	36.75	12.50	95.94	115.32	2.58
		Standard deviation	58.76	4.85	1.26	17.39	12.70	0.55
	Barisal (Patuakhali)	Mean	9.35	26.72	3.37	80.25	11.65	1.53
		Minimum	0	15.39	0.47	47.06	0.00	0.00
		Maximum	153	33.40	12.98	93.94	144.54	2.96
		Standard deviation	16.04	4.06	1.59	10.61	18.22	0.60
	Chittagong (Cox’s Bazar)	Mean	41.71	27.58	3.88	80.23	21.66	1.74
		Minimum	0	20.80	1.04	57.19	0.00	0.20
		Maximum	278	30.96	11.2	90.75	347.77	2.94
		Standard deviation	48.94	2.39	1.70	7.02	40.27	0.55

Figure 2. Confirmed daily cases of the COVID-19 both inland (a, c and e) and coastal land (b, d and f) over the period from March 8, 2020, to August 31, 2021.

Table 3. Spearman correlation test result of Climatic parameters with COVID-19.

Region	District	Earth skin temperature	Wind speed	Relative humidity	Precipitation	UV index
INLAND	Rangpur	0.42**	0.33*	0.52***	0.35*	0.13
	Raj Shahi (Nawabganj)	0.25	0.26	0.33*	0.34*	0.20
	Dhaka	0.21	0.20	0.40**	0.14	0.10
COASTALAND	Khulna (Jessore)	0.21	0.39*	0.47**	0.39*	0.19
	Barisal (Patuakhali)	0.32*	0.41**	0.46**	0.35*	0.13
	Chittagong (Cox’s Bazar)	0.51***	0.31*	0.45**	0.39*	0.20

Figure 4. (a–j): Wavelet coherence (WTC) between COVID-19 confirmed case series with EST (a), P (b), RH (c), UVI (d), WS (e) for coastal area and EST (f), P (g), RH (h), UVI (i), WS (j) for inland.

Figure 5. Partial wavelet coherence (PWC) of COVID-19 confirmed case series with EST, P (a) RH, P (b), WS, P (c), EST, WS(d), RH, WS (e) WS, P (f) for coastal and EST, P (g) RH, P (h), WS, P (i), EST, WS(j), RH, WS (k) WS, P (l) for inland. The gradient bars indicate the variation in wavelet coefficients. The 5% significance level against red noise is shown as a thick contour.

Figure 6. MWC of COVID-19 confirmed case series climatic factors (The thick black cone shaped contours show the 95% significance level, and the black line is the cone of influence.

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