Eco-geological environment quality assessment in a mining city: a case study of Jiangxia District, Wuhan City

Figures & data

Figure 1. Technology roadmap.

Figure 2. Location map of study area (a) the regional location of Jiangxia District, the red line represents the administrative area of Jiangxia District, and the black line represents the regional area of Wulongquan mining area. (b) Functional zoning of the Wulongquan mine area.

Figure 3. The link and way of land damage in open pit mining (mineral resources, development and utilization of Wulongquan Mine and ecological greening scheme of Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation, 2019).

Figure 4. Destruction of land resources and geological disasters in mining areas caused by mining and human activities. (a) Current situation of east open pit of Wulongquan Mine; (b) open-pit mining site; (c) excavation damage in open working area and temporary road; (d) artificial lake and industrial plant in mining area; (e) instability of houses in Wangxian Village; (f) repair marks from the house’s instability (the photos were taken in June 2022).

Figure 5. Distribution of vegetation cover in Jiangxia District: (a) the distribution of 2017; (b) the distribution of 2018; (c) the distribution of 2019; (d)the distribution of 2020; (e) the distribution of 2021; (f) distribution of slope of vegetation cover in Jiangxia District from 2017 to 2021; (g) distribution of coefficient of variation of vegetation cover in Jiangxia District from 2017 to 2021; (h) monthly average of vegetation cover in Jiangxia District from 2017 to 2021; (i) year-by-year percentage distribution of vegetation cover degree in Jiangxia District from 2017 to 2021; (j) month-by-month vegetation cover and temperature trends in Jiangxia District from 2017 to 2021.

Table 1. Definition of land use/cover change types in the study area.

Number	Name	Meaning
1	Water	A body of water chiefly available throughout the year; Refers to natural land water and water conservancy facilities. For example, rivers, ponds, lakes, oceans, etc.
2	Forest	Conspicuous tall dense vegetation groups, usually with closed or dense canopies; Examples: densely wooded vegetation, savannas, plantations, swamps or dense groups of tall vegetation in mangroves.
3	Garden	Refers to the cultivation of intensive management of perennial woody and herbaceous plants mainly for collecting fruit and leaves, the coverage of more than 0.5 or more than 70% of the reasonable number of plants per mu, including the land used for seedling cultivation.; For example: new herbaceous vegetation and other heavily irrigated vegetation.
4	Cultivated land	Cereals, grasses and non-tree tall crops cultivated; Examples: corn, wheat, soybeans, structured agricultural land.
5	Construction land	Major large homogeneous impervious surfaces, including parking lots, office buildings and residential buildings; Roads and railways, such as: urban and rural residents of the point and beyond the industrial, mining, transportation and other land.
6	Grass	Grassland refers to a variety of grassland with a coverage of more than 5%, mainly herbaceous plants, characterized by open areas covered by homogeneous grasses with little higher vegetation.
7	Bare land	Areas of rock or soil with very little or no vegetation throughout the year; Examples include: exposed rock or soil, land that is not currently used, including land that is difficult to use.

Figure 6. Land use/cover distribution in Jiangxia District: (a) the distribution of 2017; (a) the distribution of 2018; (a) the distribution of 2019; (a) the distribution of 2020; (a) the distribution of 2021; land use/cover type change over time in Jiangxia District: (f) the change of grass; (g) the change of construction; (h) the change of cultivate land; (i) the change of Forest; (j)the change of garden; (k) the change of bare; (l) the change of water. (m) year-by-year land use/cover area change in Jiangxia District; (n) comprehensive dynamic attitude of land use/cover area change by year in Jiangxia District; (o) year-by-year land use/cover area change single dynamic attitude in Jiangxia District.

Figure 7. (a) Distribution of accumulated settlement at the Wulongquan mine; deformation in key areas of the Wulongquan mine: (b) the deformation of open pit platform; (c) the deformation of tailings pond; (d) the deformation of Xiamentang Village; (e) the deformation of Wangxian Village; (f) time-series deformation monitoring map of the Wulongquan mine.

Table 2. Classification of deformation.

Surface deformation condition	Deformation grade
| H |＜10	Low
10＜| H |＜25	Medium
| H |>25	High

Table 3. Social and economic indicators of Jiangxia District.

Factor/Year	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
PRP/10,000 people	91.37	96.2	98.7	97.5	105.5
GDP/RMB 100 million	770.98	871.8	948.8	842.04	1010.23
IOV/RMB 100 million	1393.32	1413.87	1370.04	1079.26	1353.39
FAT/RMB 100 million	569.2	491.4	550.52	470.33	559.22

Table 4. Classification of eco-geological environment quality.

Grade	Excellent	Good	Average	Fair	Poor
Index	EGQI80	55＜EGQI ≤ 80	35 ≤ EGQI ≤ 55	20＜EGQI ≤ 35	EGQI ≤ 20

Table 5. Normalization of each index.

Index	BAI		VCI		LSI		WDI		SDI		SEI
Year	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
2017	86.5	95.41	0.51	94.99	9.56	100	176.79	74.83	355.81	94.56	651.21	90.79
2018	88.77	97.91	0.48	89.59	9.04	94.59	183.92	77.61	376.29	100	671.45	93.62
2019	88.74	97.89	0.48	89.38	9.14	95.63	182.92	77.42	376.07	99.94	698.36	97.37
2020	88.82	97.98	0.52	96.07	9.02	94.42	218.15	92.33	372.32	98.95	591.78	82.51
2021	90.66	100	0.54	100	9.01	94.29	236.26	100	366.88	97.5	717.24	100

Table 6. Grey correlation coefficient.

Year	VCI	WDI	LSI	SDI	SEI
2017	0.57377	0.48926	0.55519	0.89246	0.99435
2018	0.53583	0.51133	0.88224	0.84263	0.94031
2019	0.88852	0.50532	1.00000	0.84563	0.64444
2020	0.92505	0.48061	0.85954	0.95233	0.42906
2021	0.73776	0.34207	0.70046	0.75504	0.61232

Table 7. Grey correlation results.

Evaluation index	Relational degree	Rank
Surface deformation index (SDI)	0.858	1
Land stress index (LSI)	0.799	2
Socio-economic index (SEI)	0.724	3
Vegetation cover index (VCI)	0.699	4
Water network density index (WDI)	0.466	5

Figure 8. (a) Distribution of calculated weights for each model indicator (LSI, SDI, SEI and BAI); (b) EGQI index weight distribution; (c) results of grey correlation analysis of each index; (d) normalized results of each index; (e) change of EGQI in Jiangxia District from 2017 to 2021.

Table 8. Weight calculation.

Evaluation	Relational degree	Weight
Biological abundant index (BAI)	1	0.22
Surface deformation index (SDI)	0.858	0.19
Land stress index (LSI)	0.799	0.18
Socio-economic index (SEI)	0.724	0.16
Vegetation cover index (VCI)	0.699	0.15
Water network density index (WDI)	0.466	0.1

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are included in this published article. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.