Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water of selected rivers

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map.

Table 1. Sampling location points names and coordinates.

S.No	Sample Name	Cd (mg/L)	Cr (mg/L)	Pb (mg/L)	Ni (mg/L)	Fe (mg/L)	As (mg/L)	pH	EC (µS/Cm)	TDS (mg/L)	Temp (CO)
1	Kalam	0.025	0.021	0.032	0.045	0.047	0.002	7.4	44	24	17.5
2	Harianai	0.015	0.012	0.043	0.045	0.042	0.001	7.5	40	23	17.4
3	Laikot	0.023	0.027	0.012	0.032	0.037	0.001	7.8	54	25	19.5
4	Athan	0.035	0.034	0.031	0.036	0.037	0	7.8	59	26	17.7
5	Mankyal	0.023	0.054	0.023	0.029	0.038	0.001	7.7	76	36	17.3
6	Chodgram	0.03	0.023	0.025	0.029	0.029	0	7.6	79	37	17.5
7	Kedam watefall	0.045	0.014	0.045	0.048	0.048	0.001	7.4	49	27	16.3
8	Ponkia	0.042	0.045	0.021	0.047	0.042	0.002	7.7	91	41	17.3
9	Bahrain	0.037	0.017	0.014	0.036	0.031	0	7.9	103	52	17.1
10	Malang stop	0.019	0.054	0.051	0.054	0.057	0.002	7.7	72	39	17
11	Madyan	0.011	0.035	0.037	0.039	0.034	0.002	7.7	171	81	20.1
12	Bishgram	0.034	0.046	0.041	0.045	0.041	0.001	7.4	73	43	17
13	Tirat	0.045	0.015	0.019	0.034	0.037	0.001	7.7	71	39	19
14	Qandeel	0.054	0.023	0.029	0.023	0.032	0	7.4	79	47	18
15	kalakot	0.034	0.047	0.041	0.046	0.045	0.001	8.6	101	60	21.1
16	Asharay	0.028	0.017	0.015	0.053	0.056	0.002	8.6	119	56	21.9
17	Tekdarai	0.043	0.045	0.034	0.038	0.038	0	7.7	77	47	18
18	Bara Bamakhela	0.037	0.039	0.034	0.047	0.044	0	7.7	114	45	21
19	Chota Kalam	0.021	0.029	0.024	0.042	0.043	0	7.9	145	51	13
20	Fizagat	0.032	0.037	0.037	0.038	0.032	0.002	8.3	56	23	14.1
21	Airport road pul	0.021	0.028	0.025	0.043	0.045	0	8.1	221	99	13
22	Matta	0.028	0.025	0.027	0.056	0.053	0.001	8	209	133	13.5
23	Dadahara Park	0.042	0.047	0.041	0.048	0.043	0.002	7.9	193	92	12.7
24	Barikot	0.043	0.043	0.046	0.043	0.043	0.002	7.9	172	101	12.5
25	Shamozai	0.036	0.032	0.037	0.038	0.033	0	7.5	187	97	13
26	Chakdara Fort	0.027	0.029	0.025	0.034	0.033	0.002	7.4	176	85	12.9
27	Barchaman	0.046	0.044	0.041	0.045	0.043	0.002	7.7	71	45	13.2
28	Tari	0.047	0.04	0.042	0.047	0.044	0.001	7.8	134	71	13.2
29	Qala	0.056	0.045	0.048	0.048	0.048	0.001	7.8	145	76	16
30	Bajauar	0.048	0.043	0.042	0.046	0.043	0.001	7.9	149	94	15.3
31	Bajaur2	0.045	0.048	0.041	0.042	0.042	0	7.9	131	89	15.8
32	Mohmand 1	0.075	0.073	0.043	0.043	0.041	0.002	8	101	50	23
33	Mohmand 2	0.024	0.027	0.012	0.039	0.036	0	7.6	259	123	27.1
34	Mazid Khel	0.039	0.037	0.031	0.036	0.033	0	7.5	107	54	27
35	Abazai	0.048	0.046	0.032	0.039	0.036	0	7.6	97	42	26.9
36	Hassan Zai	0.054	0.053	0.051	0.054	0.054	0.001	7.8	79	39	27
37	Dildar Garhi	0.038	0.039	0.036	0.039	0.037	0	7.9	151	66	27
38	Daulat Pura	0.026	0.029	0.027	0.048	0.043	0.001	7.7	179	87	27.2
39	Sardaryab	0.038	0.035	0.039	0.041	0.047	0.001	7.8	88	40	27.2
40	Bosaq Bridge	0.048	0.044	0.041	0.047	0.044	0.001	7.8	90	42	27.7
41	Zulam pul	0.054	0.051	0.054	0.051	0.054	0	7.4	148	63	27
42	Qalagai	0.028	0.029	0.021	0.029	0.027	0.001	7.4	166	79	27.5
43	Odigram kato	0.029	0.025	0.027	0.039	0.034	0	7.6	176	77	26.7
44	Malak Abad	0.019	0.016	0.016	0.043	0.046	0	7.9	184	90	25.9
45	Dogram	0.065	0.056	0.045	0.044	0.047	0	7.8	92	50	27.7
46	Sahib Abad	0.054	0.053	0.051	0.054	0.052	0	7.8	243	119	27.3
47	Darora	0.043	0.042	0.045	0.048	0.043	0.001	7.9	154	89	27.6
48	Gandigar	0.039	0.037	0.034	0.054	0.054	0.002	7.9	276	145	27.7
49	Bibyawar	0.027	0.028	0.022	0.032	0.035	0.001	7.8	309	193	27.7
50	Chutiatan	0.049	0.057	0.051	0.051	0.056	0.001	8.1	211	107	17.3
51	Sheringal	0.025	0.021	0.028	0.028	0.026	0.002	7.4	245	113	17.1
52	Biar	0.048	0.043	0.045	0.041	0.047	0.001	7.3	281	149	17
53	Thal	0.043	0.04	0.042	0.043	0.044	0	7.3	276	136	13

Figure 2. Distribution of physiochemical characteristics of rivers. (a) Potential of hydrogen, (b) Electroconductivity, (c) Total dissolved solids, and (d) Temperature.

Figure 3. Heavy metal distribution. (a) Cd, (b) Cr, (c) Pb, (d) Ni, (e) Fe, and (f) As.

Table 2. Pearson correlation values in River Swat and River Panjkora, Pakistan.

Variables	pH	EC	TDS	Temp	Cd	Cr	Pb	Ni	Fe	As
pH	1.00
EC	−0.05	1.00
TDS	−0.01	0.96	1.00
Temp	−0.13	0.34	0.28	1.00	0.18
Cd	0.01	−0.08	−0.03	0.18	1.00
Cr	0.16	0.00	0.01	0.14	0.60	1.00
Pb	−0.05	−0.04	0.00	0.05	0.54	0.64	1.00
Ni	0.35	0.09	0.10	0.04	0.22	0.34	0.53	1.00
Fe	0.32	0.07	0.09	0.09	0.25	0.34	0.50	0.88	1.00
As	0.09	0.02	−0.06	−0.30	−0.19	−0.01	−0.21	0.00	−0.15	1.00

Table 3. Principal component analysis results of surface water (n = 53) collected from Swat and Dir, Pakistan.

	F1	F2	F3	F4
pH	0.27	−0.15	0.63	−0.12
EC	0.12	0.95	0.13	0.18
TDS	0.17	0.93	0.13	0.16
Temp	0.23	0.51	−0.42	−0.29
Cd	0.63	−0.15	−0.47	0.26
Cr	0.73	−0.14	−0.22	0.43
Pb	0.80	−0.16	−0.25	0.14
Ni	0.80	−0.03	0.46	−0.17
Fe	0.80	−0.03	0.37	−0.30
As	−0.22	−0.12	0.49	0.71
Eigenvalue	3.07	2.14	1.54	1.05
Variability (%)	30.74	21.44	15.37	10.54
Cumulative %	30.74	52.18	67.56	78.10

Table 4. Comparison of heavy metals concentrations (μg/L) in river water in River Swat and River Panjkora with other rivers in the world.

Rivers	Cd	Cr	Pb	Fe	Ni	As	References
River Swat (Mean value)	37.33	36.15	33.48	41.71	41.58	0.82	In this study
River Panjkora (Mean value)	37.78	37.78	36.42	42.07	44.07	1	In this study
Hui river China	61.74	23.08	155	441	46.19	–	(Wang et al. 2017)
River in CLP	0.031	5.13	0.251	45.4	5.37	5.75	(Xiao et al. 2019)
Upper Han River, China	2.31	8.14	9.26	30.6	1.71	14.20	(Li and Zhang 2010a; Li and Zhang 2010b)
Xiangjiang River, China	1.34	6.61	1.47	–	–	12.24	(Zeng et al. 2015)
Changjiang River, China	0.28	8.90	6.40	1660	3.69	7.04	(Wang et al. 2011)
Trinity River, USA	0.008	–	0.026	5.8	2.07	–	(Warnken and Santschi 2009)
Seine River, France	0.031		0.354			0.75	(Elbaz-Poulichet et al. 2006)
Hawkesbury-Nepean River, Australia	0.045	–	0.111	268	0.26	–	(Markich and Brown 1998)
Catalan River, Spain	1.20	2.40	2.200	–	2.70	2.90	(Carafa et al. 2011)
Tigris River, Turkey	0.103	<5	0.342	388	45.00	2.35	(Varol and Şen 2012)
Damodar River, India	9	16	10	–	52	–	(Pal and Maiti 2019)

Figure 4. (a) Loading factor. (b) First initial factors F1, and F2.

Figure 5. Dendrogram showing clustering of sampling stations River Swat and River Panjkora water quality features.

Table 5. Descriptive statistics of trace elements collected from River Swat and River Panjkora water District Swat, Pakistan.

Statistic	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD	WHO
pH	7.30	8.60	7.75	0.28	6.5–8.5
EC	40.00	309.00	139.11	70.25	1500
TDS	23.00	193.00	70.89	38.01	1
Temp	12.50	27.70	20.29	5.61	–
Cd (mg/L)	0.01	0.08	0.04	0.01	0.02
Cr (mg/L)	0.01	0.07	0.04	0.01
Pb (mg/L)	0.01	0.05	0.03	0.01	0.003
Ni (mg/L)	0.02	0.06	0.04	0.01	0.02
Fe (mg/L)	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.01	0.01
As (mg/L)	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.001

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