Assessment of groundwater potential zones in data-scarce regions using GIS-based multicriteria decision making approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of the study area: (a) India, (b) West Bengal and (c) Jhargram district.

Figure 2. Graphical framework of methodology flow chart.

Table 1. Sources of data used for preparing thematic layers.

Thematic map	Scale/resolution	Sources of data
Base Map (Topographical Map)	1:50000	Survey of India (SOI)
Rainfall	30 m (Spatial Resolution)	Crudata.uea.ac.uk
Hydro Geology	1:250000	Geological Survey of India (GSI)
Slope	30 m (Spatial Resolution)	USGS (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov)
Drainage Density	30 m (Spatial Resolution)	USGS (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov)
LULC	Landsat 8 OLI/TM	USGS (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov)
Lineament Density	1 arc second	USGS (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov)
Soil type	1:250000	Geological Survey of India (GSI)
Well Data	–	Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)

Table 2. Pairwise comparison matrix for climatic – morphometric – lithologic (CML) indicators at level one (1) decision Hierarchy model.

CML Indicators	Rainfall	Hydro- Geology	Slope	Drainage Density	Land Use Land Cover (LULC)	Lineament Density	Soil	Normalized Weight (W)	Eigen Value
Rainfall	1	3	3	5	5	5	7	0.373	2.826
Hydro-Geology	1/3	1	3	3	5	5	5	0.243	1.835
Slope	1/3	1/3	1	1	3	3	5	0.136	0.981
Drainage Density	1/5	1/3	1	1	1	2	3	0.090	0.667
Land Use Land Cover (LULC)	1/5	1/5	1/3	1	1	1	3	0.069	0.493
Lineament Density	1/5	1/5	1/3	½	1	1	1	0.051	0.372
Soil	1/7	1/5	1/5	1/3	1/3	1	1	0.038	0.271
CR: 0.04

Figure 3. Groundwater potential zone parameters: (a) slope, (b) drainage density, (c) lineament density, (d) annual rainfall, (e) LULC, (f) soil category and (g) Hydro geology.

Table 3. Ranking sub-categories for various conditioning factors and assigning weightages based on these rankings.

1	2		3
	Criteria	Weight	Criteria	Rating (R)	Overall Weight
Climatic – Morphometric – Lithologic (CML) Indicators	Rainfall in mm	0.373	Above 2568.80	6	0.380
			2568.80 − 2469.67	5	0.249
			2469.67 − 2351.36	4	0.161
			2351.36 − 2223.45	3	0.103
			2223.45 − 2041.18	2	0.066
			Below 2041.18	1	0.044
	Hydro-Geology	0.243	Basement Crystalline Complex (Metamorphites)	1	0.056
			Fluvio-deltaic Sediment overlained by Primary Laterite (in situ)	2	0.145
			Younger Alluvium	3	0.316
			Fluvio-deltaic Sediment overlained by Secondary Laterite (Double Profile)	4	0.483
	Slope in Degree	0.136	Less than 3	4	0.429
			3 to 7	3	0.388
			7 to 12	2	0.121
			12 to 50	1	0.063
	Drainage Density	0.090	0 to 0.89	1	0.065
			0.89 to 1.50	2	0.128
			1.50 to 2.23	3	0.255
			2.23 to 3.65	4	0.552
	LULC	0.069	Agricultural Land	5	0.483
			Forest	4	0.261
			Water Body	3	0.141
			Agricultural Fellow	2	0.074
			Bare Soil	1	0.040
	Lineament Density	0.051	Above 112.23	6	0.380
			89.00 − 112.23	5	0.249
			66.75 − 89.00	4	0.161
			44.50 − 66.75	3	0.103
			22.25 − 44.50	2	0.066
			Below 22.25	1	0.044
	Soil	0.038	Fine Vertic Ochraqualfs	9	0.307
			Coarse Lomay Typic Ustifluvents	8	0.218
			Coarse Lomay Typic Haplustalfs	7	0.154
			Lomay Skeletal Lithic Ustochreprs	6	0.109
			Fine Lomay Typic Ustifluvents	5	0.077
			Fine Lomay Ulti Palestalfs	4	0.053
			Fine Lomay Aeric Ochraqualfs	3	0.037
			Fine Aeric Ochraqualfs	2	0.026
			Rocky Outcrop	1	0.030

Figure 4. Map showing the spatial distribution of groundwater potential zones in Jhargram district.

Figure 5. (a) Spatial autocorrelation report, (b) zone of hot spot and cold spot.

Figure 6. Water column map with well distribution in Jhargram district.

Figure 7. Receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curve showing the accuracy of the present study.

Table 4. Water level data below ground level in feet (fbgl) of some selected stations.

District	Block	Gram Panchayat	Level of Well Water Below Ground Level in Feet (fbgl)	Latitude (Y)	Longitude (X)
Jhargram	Jhargram	Aguibani	49	22.309	86.947
		Patashimul	50	22.285	86.980
		Lodhasuli	48	22.336	87.047
		Manikpara	47	22.367	87.119
		Baundhgora	45	22.473	87.009
		Shalboni	50	22.383	87.020
		Nedabahara	51	22.378	86.998
		Chubka	49	22.04	87.217
	Binpur - I	Andharia	45	22.516	86.979
		Dahijuri	42	22.505	86.988
		Lalgarh	25	22.589	87.054
		Ramgarh	35	22.693	87.057
		Baita	24	22.491	87.056
		Binpur	55	22.582	86.921
		Nepura	32	22.642	87.001
		Sijua	30	22.637	87.012
	Binpur II	Belpahari	71	22.634	86.634
		Banaspahari	82	22.642	86.655
		Bhula Bheda	69	22.697	86.699
		Simulpal	68	22.629	86.709
		Bheladiha	65	22.581	86.831
		Kanko	55	22.594	86.905
	Jamboni	Chichra	45	22.311	86.883
		Chilkigarh	45	22.449	86.875
		Dharsa	45	22.520	86.814
		Gidhni	47	22.484	86.854
		Kapgari	55	22.523	86.875
		Parihati	58	22.521	86.848
	Gopiballavpur I	Alampur	27	22.209	86.950
		Gopiballavpur	27	22.208	86.895
		Saria	38	22.125	86.853
		Shashrha	26	22.193	86.793
		Amarda	28	22.195	86.779
		Kendugari	36	22.165	86.919
		Satma	35	22.208	86.761
	Gopiballavpur II	Beliaberah	37	22.272	86.953
		Kharbandhi	35	22.271	87.024
		Nota	27	22.237	86.855
		Tapshia	41	22.262	86.912
		Chorchita	35	22.215	86.855
		Kuliana	27	22.228	86.922
		Pet Bindhi	39	22.196	87.010
	Nayagram	Ara	45	21.899	87.061
		Baranegui	35	22.024	87.056
		Baligeria	38	21.891	87.086
		Berajal	37	21.949	87.143
		Nayagram	35	22.033	87.172
		Chandabilla	41	22.089	87.021
		Kharikamathani	43	22.003	87.144
		Patina	38	22.163	87.004
	Sankrail	Andhari	32	22.265	86.936
		Pathra	29	22.260	87.156
		Sankrail	27	22.202	87.139
		Kultikri	32	22.176	87.161
		Ragarh	39	22.181	87.034
		Laudaha	38	22.140	87.122
		Rohini	41	22.141	87.158

Data availability

Data available on request from the authors.