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Figures & data
Figure 1. Stages of metal supply chains*.
*Supply chains are material specific. It is not always possible to distinguish clearly between mining, dressing and smelting/refining.
Source: Melanie Müller et al., ‘From Competition to a Sustainable Raw Material diplomacy’ (SWP Research Paper 01, Stifung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, 2023), doi:10.18449/2023RPO.
Figure 2. National and Regional shares of extraction, refining and manufacturing for selected metals in percent; base metals (aluminium, lead, nickel, tin, zinc); 2019.
Source: Melanie Müller et al., `From Competition to a Sustainable Raw Material diplomacy’ (SWP Research Paper 01, Stifung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, 2023), doi: 10.18449/2023RPO.
Figure 3. Main actors at the respective stages of mineral supply chains, in percent.
Source: DERA 202: Wirtschaftsmächte auf den metallischen Rohstoffmärkten – Ein vergleich von China, der EU und den USA, page 33.
