Determinants of energy security for rural households: The case of Melani and Hamburg communities, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Keiskamma Catchment (Melani in land and Hamburg coastal).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of sampled households.

Variable		Hamburg		Melani			Combined
		Freq	Percentage	Freq	Percentage		Freq	Percentage
Gender	Male	36	25,4%	47	33,3%		83	29.3%
	Female	106	74,6%	94	66,7%		200	70.7%
Marital status of the HH	Unmarried/Otherwise	53	37.3%	77	54.6%		130	45.9%
	Married	87	61.3%	64	45.4%		153	54.1%
Education status	No formal education	26	18.3%	13	9.2%		39	13.8%
	Primary	45	31.7%	63	44.7%		108	38.2%
	Secondary	61	43%	53	37.6%		114	40.3%
	Tertiary	10	7%	12	8.5%		22	7.8%
Household source of income	Agriculture	2	1.4%	0	0%		2	0.7%
	Salary	9	6.3%	12	8.5%		21	7.4%
	Business	11	7.7%	5	3.5%		16	5.7%
	Social grant	109	76.8%	119	84.4%		228	80.6%
	Remittances	4	2.8%	1	0.7%		5	1.8%
	Other	7	4.9%	4	2.8%		11	3.9%
Employment status	Unemployed	125	88%	128	90.8%		253	89.4%
	Employed	17	12%	13	9.2%		30	10.6%
	Hamburg			Melani			Combined
	Min	Max	Ave	Min	Max	Ave	Min	Max	Ave
Age	25	93	59	25	96	59	25	96	59
Household size	1	13	4	1	12	4	1	13	4

Table 2. Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index estimates for Melani and Hamburg.

Community	MEPI (%)	The intensity of energy deprivation	Access to additional measures of energy (%)	Access to electricity stove for cooking (%)	Access to electricity (%)
Hamburg community	17	0.25	31.2%	72.5%	95.1%
Melani community	16	0.21	40.1%	89.4%	98.6%

Table 3. Determinants of energy security status: Tobit regression model results.

Variables	Estimated coefficients	Std. Err.	p significance level
The income of the household head	−0.647	0.733	0.378
Marital status of the HH	4.040	1.412	0.005***
HH-size	0.748	0.298	0.013**
Employment status	3.733	3.345	0.265
Race of the household head	9.989	6.995	0.154
Electricity affordability	−3.043	0.840	0.000***
Age of the household head	−0.067	0.0515	0.189
Credit access	2.357	2.141	0.272
Income source
Agriculture	−19.934	8.750	0.024**
Salary	−9.267	5.060	0.068
Business	−7.754	4.588	0.092
Social	−4.664	3.620	0.199
Remittances	−6.817	6.090	0.264
Constant	25.209	4.334	0.000

Note: *** and ** shows the level of significance at 1% and 5% levels, respectively.