“Maybe it’s … skin colour?” How race-ethnicity and gender function in consumers’ formation of classification styles of cultural content

Figures & data

Table 1. Respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics and style fit (n = 27).

Name^a	Location	Gender	Race/ethnicity^b	Age	Style
Abbigail	Atlanta	F	Bi-ethnic, white/Asian-American	24	4
Alexis	Atlanta	F	White/American	28	1
Alfred	Rotterdam	M	White/Dutch	36	3
Arnout	Rotterdam	M	White /Dutch	37	confounded
Berna	Rotterdam	F	Turkish-Dutch	20	4
Chuck	Atlanta	M	White/American	31	confounded
Claas	Rotterdam	M	White/Dutch	29	unique sort
Cliff	Atlanta	M	Hispanic-American	36	2
Daisy	Rotterdam	F	White/Dutch	35	2
Dennis	Atlanta	M	Bi-racial, white/African-American	26	confounded
Dwayne	Atlanta	M	White/American	27	confounded
Dwight	Atlanta	M	White/American	32	1
Erin	Atlanta	F	Bi-ethnic, White/Hispanic-American	23	unique sort
Estelle	Atlanta	F	White/American	36	2
Iris	Rotterdam	F	White/Dutch	32	2
Jeffrey	Atlanta	M	Hispanic-American	22	2
Jennifer	Atlanta	F	Bi-racial, white/African-American	27	1
Jeremiah	Atlanta	M	African-American	37	2
Johan	Rotterdam	M	White/Dutch	33	3
Kamille	Atlanta	F	White/American	20	2
Kendrick	Atlanta	M	African-American	21	1
Marc	Rotterdam	M	Bi-ethnic, white/Indonesian-Dutch	24	1
Nadine	Rotterdam	F	White/Dutch	26	4
Naresh	Rotterdam	M	Indian-Dutch	35	3
Pinar	Rotterdam	F	Turkish-Dutch	18	4
Sven	Rotterdam	M	White/Dutch	38	confounded
Winston	Atlanta	M	White/American	29	3

^aTo ensure anonymity, all names are pseudonyms.

^bSelf-identified by respondents.

Table 2. Artists in the Q-set and ideal-typical sorts for each style.^a

Artist	Race-ethnicity	Gender	Style 1 Doing diversity	Style 2 Keeping hegemony	Style 3 Guarding masculinity	Style 4 Learning conventions
Elvis Presley	White	M	−0.06	1.45	1.90	−0.69
Led Zeppelin	White	M	−0.18	1.38	1.64	−0.81
Joy Division	White	M	1.01	1.11	−0.42	−0.66
Jack White	White	M	−1.18	0.86	−0.98	0.57
Editors	White	M	−1.78	−0.03	−0.83	0.76
Mudhoney	White	M	1.32	1.81	0.27	0.66
Judas Priest	White	M	−1.19	−0.34	1.85	0.37
Whitechapel	White	M	−1.16	1.41	0.71	1.96
Black Flag	White	M	1.12	2.31	0.85	2.26
Primus	White	M	−1.60	−0.43	−1.34	−1.89
Wanda Jackson	White	F	0.74	−1.14	−1.07	−1.71
Janis Joplin	White	F	−0.50	−0.95	0.89	−0.97
The Slits	White	F	1.15	0.18	−0.19	−0.32
PJ Harvey	White	F	0.50	−0.06	−0.54	−0.43
Haim	White	F	−0.35	−0.98	0.09	0.70
Hole	White	F	1.24	−0.71	0.71	−0.18
Girlschool	White	F	−0.27	−1.32	1.78	0.53
Arch Enemy	White	F	−1.57	−1.11	1.37	1.68
Bikini Kill	White	F	1.63	1.11	0.10	−0.00
Luscious Jackson	White	F	−0.01	−1.02	−1.24	−1.14
Chuck Berry	Non-white	M	1.06	1.14	−0.25	−0.86
Jimi Hendrix	Non-white	M	0.68	0.64	1.36	−0.82
Prince	Non-white	M	0.30	0.34	0.92	0.52
Lenny Kravitz	Non-white	M	−1.87	−0.68	0.24	0.40
Bloc Party	Non-white	M	−1.08	0.03	−1.14	0.76
Alice in Chains	Non-white	M	−0.85	0.00	−0.70	0.36
Death Angel	Non-white	M	−0.49	0.06	1.35	0.97
God Forbid	Non-white	M	0.34	0.25	−0.05	0.74
Bad Brains	Non-white	M	0.80	0.92	−0.59	0.19
Living Colour	Non-white	M	−0.11	0.49	−1.00	−0.21
Big Mama Thornton	Non-white	F	1.56	−0.43	−1.02	−0.61
Os Mutantes	Non-white	F	−1.38	−1.45	−0.37	−1.87
New Bloods	Non-white	F	0.96	0.21	−1.55	−0.46
Tamar Kali	Non-white	F	−0.16	−0.98	−1.00	0.28
History of Apple Pie	Non-white	F	0.51	−0.71	−0.49	−1.21
Skunk Anansie	Non-white	F	−0.52	−0.74	−0.27	0.45
Judas Priestess	Non-white	F	−0.09	0.46	0.33	0.89
Straight Line Stitch	Non-white	F	−0.40	0.13	0.52	1.46
X-Ray Spex	Non-white	F	1.14	−1.63	−0.55	−1.01
Boris	Non-white	F	0.73	−1.60	−1.28	−0.66

^aZ-scores above 1 are highlighted, indicating the images that were most often classified as positive (black, grey background) or negative (white, dark grey background) within the style. Lower z-scores (light grey) indicate sorting ambiguity within the style.