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Stress
The International Journal on the Biology of Stress
Volume 26, 2023 - Issue 1
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Research Article

The chronic stress risk phenotype mirrored in the human retina as a neurodegenerative condition

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Article: 2210687 | Received 16 Aug 2022, Accepted 30 Apr 2023, Published online: 02 Jun 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. Participant selection criteria.

Illustrating participant recruitment and selection criteria in the 3-year follow-up study.
Figure 1. Participant selection criteria.

Table 1. Comparing baseline clinical characteristics of the stress-phenotype vs. controls.

Table 2. Changes in neurodegenerative riskmarkers in the stress-phenotype and controls over three years.

Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore proteins significantly related to prevalent and incident risk of ongoing brain ischemia (S100B) in the stress-phenotype.

Table 4. Forward stepwise linear regression analyses depicting associations between *retinal hypoperfusion and neurodegenerative risk markers at follow-up considering 3-year changes (3-yr Δ %) in stress-phenotype cases.

Figure 2. Presenting a novel hypoperfusion cut point of 68 mmHg in relation to the stress-phenotype by using a receiver-operating-characteristic curve with AUC [0.72 (0.67, 0.78), p ≤ 0.001] (sensitivity 71%/specificity 64%).

A newly derived hypoperfusion cut point related to chronic stress.
Figure 2. Presenting a novel hypoperfusion cut point of 68 mmHg in relation to the stress-phenotype by using a receiver-operating-characteristic curve with AUC [0.72 (0.67, 0.78), p ≤ 0.001] (sensitivity 71%/specificity 64%).

Figure 3. Illustrating assessment of retinal vessel diameter and count in a control eye (); and retinal neurodegenerative risk signs in a stress-phenotype case with ongoing ischemia (S100B ≥0.1μg/L) (). The blue V, indicates veins and the red A, indicates arteries.

Measuring retinal vessels in a control eye, whereas a stress-affected eye showed low oxygen levels and loss of retinal vessels.
Figure 3. Illustrating assessment of retinal vessel diameter and count in a control eye (Fig 3A); and retinal neurodegenerative risk signs in a stress-phenotype case with ongoing ischemia (S100B ≥0.1μg/L) (Figure 3(B)). The blue V, indicates veins and the red A, indicates arteries.

Table 5. Forward stepwise linear regression analyses depicting associations between S100B and neurodegenerative risk markers including retinal data, at baseline, follow-up and 3-year percentage changes (3-yr Δ (%) in the stress-phenotype (n = 160).

Figure 4. Ticking-clock prognosis of the stress-phenotype as a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Abbreviation: BRB, blood-retinal barrier.

Ticking clock signs to indicate injury to the brain in a person with chronic high stress.
Figure 4. Ticking-clock prognosis of the stress-phenotype as a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Abbreviation: BRB, blood-retinal barrier.
Supplemental material

Supplemental Material

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