Association of level of adherence to Mediterranean diet with cognitive and dementia status in subjects with chronic diseases: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographical characteristics of patients enrolled in the study.

Demographical Variable	Frequency N = 150	Percentage %
Gender
Male	82	54.7
Female	68	45.3
Age
≤ 55 yrs.	12	8.0
(56–65) yrs.	45	30.0
≥ 66 yrs.	93	62.0
Geographical demography
UAE	69	46.0
Asia	66	44.0
Europe	4	2.7
Africa	10	6.7
USA and Canada	1	0.7
Total	150	100

Table 2. Association of demographic characteristics with DSM, SMMSE and MEDAS categories.

Demographic Variable	DSM score categories			SMMSE score categories				MEDAS categories
	No Dementia (<12) N = 109 (%)	Suspected Dementia (13–20) N = 25 (%)	Confirmed Dementia (21–30) N = 16 (%)	Normal (25–30) N = 76 (%)	Mild (21–24) N = 26 (%)	Moderate (10–20) N = 27 (%)	Severe (0–9) N = 21 (%)	Poor adherence (≤ 5) N = 38 (%)	Moderate adherence (6–9) N = 57 (%)	Strong adherence (≥ 10) N = 55 (%)
Gender:
Male N = 82	62 (75.6)	11 (13.4)	9 (11)	46 (56.1)	8 (9.8)	15 (18.3)	13 (15.9)	24 (29.3)	30 (36.6)	28 (34.2)
Female N = 68	47 (69.1)	14 (20.6)	7 (10.3)	30 (44.1)	18 (26.5)	12 (17.6)	8 (11.8)	14 (20.6)	27 (39.7)	27 (39.7)
Age:
≤ 55 yrs. (n = 12)	10 (83.3)	2 (16.7)	0	8 (66.7)	3 (25)	1 (8.3)	0	1 (8.3)	8 (66.7)	3 (25)
(56- 65) yrs. (n = 45)	35 (77.8)	5 (11.1)	5 (11.1)	24 (53.3)	8 (17.8)	7 (15.6)	6 (13.3)	12 (26.7)	21(26.7)	12 (26.7)
≥ 66 yrs. (n = 93)	64 (68.8)	18 (19.4)	11 (11.8)	44 (47.3)	15 (16.1)	19 (20.4)	15(16.1)	25 (26.9)	28 (30.1)	40 (43)
Nationality:
UAE N = 69	43 (62.3)	13 (18.8)	13 (18.8)	29 (42.0)	12 (17.4)	15 (21.7)	13 (18.8)	21 (30.4)	21 (30.4)	27 (39.1)
Asia N = 66	53 (80.3)	10 (15.2)	3 (4.5)	37 (56.1)	12 (18.2)	12 (18.2)	5 (7.6)	13 (19.7)	32 (48.5)	21(31.8)
Africa N = 10	9 (90)	1 (10)	0	7 (70)	2 (50)	0	1 (10)	2 (20)	3 (30)	5 (50)
Europe N = 4	3 (75)	1 (25)	0	3 (75)	0	0	1 (25)	1(25)	1 (25)	2 (50)
USA N = 1	1 (100)	0	0	0	0	0	1 (100)	1(100)	0	0

Keys: DSM-III: Modified 30 item ‘Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third edition; MEDAS: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener; SMMSE: Standard Mini-Mental Status Examination. *All demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with DSM, SMMSE, and MEDAS categories.

Table 3. Comparison of Mediterranean-diet adherence with DSM and SMMSE scores.

MEDAS adherence level (%)	DSM score (Dementia severity) (Mean ± SD)	SMMSE score (Cognitive function) (Mean ± SD)
Poor adherence ≤ 5 38 (25.3)	17.63 ± 5.101*	8.61 ± 7.15*
Moderate adherence (6–9) 57 (38.0)	7.44 ± 4.38*	23.95 ± 4.38*
High adherence ≥10 55 (36.7)	6.64 ± 2.96*	26.96 ± 2.39*
*P < 0.001	Mean scores 9.73 ± 6.19	Mean scores 21.17 ± 8.81

Keys: *P < 0.001 significant difference of mean scores between the three MEDAS adherence levels.

Table 4. Mean DSM, SMMSE and MEDAS score according to different comorbidities.

Comorbid disease	DSM	SMMSE	MEDAS
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Hypertension
n = 124 (82.7%)	10.1 ± 6.3	20.91 ± 8.8	7.86 ± 2.6
Diabetes mellitus
n = 90 (60%)	10 ± 5.8	21.2 ± 8.4	8.1± 2.6
Primary Stroke
n = 79 (52.7%)	10.6 ± 6.7*	19.9 ± 9.2	7.4 ± 2.5
Secondary Stroke (>1stroke)
n = 23(15.3%)	14.7 ± 6.2	15.4 ± 9.0	7.1 ± 2.6
Parkinsonism
n = 52 (34.7%)	13.3 ± 6.8*	17.6 ± 10.6*	7.5 ± 2.7
Seizures
n = 8 (5.3%)	19.5 ± 5.1	12.5 ± 11.9	6.6 ± 2.3
Depression
n = 47 (31.3%)	14.5 ± 6.0*	16.8 ± 11.0*	7.1 ± 2.8

Keys: *Significance difference in mean scores with moderate to high adherence.

Data availability statement

The data from this study was not made public.