https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-6319
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ABSTRACT
Background
Research exploring the link between dietary riboflavin intake and cognitive decline in this demographic is limited. Our aim was to examine the association between riboflavin intake levels and cognitive decline.
Methods
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2011 to 2014 were utilized in this cross-sectional analysis. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease test Word Learning delayed recall trial (DR), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Animal Fluency Test(AFT) and Z test were used to evaluate cognitive performance. Multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline and subgroup analysis were performed to evaluate the associations between riboflavin intake and cognitive decline.
Results
The study included a total of 2255 patients, with 47.9% being male. The incidence of cognitive decline was 23.8%. After adjusting for all selected covariates, we found that high riboflavin intake was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment in adults in the United States. When riboflavin intake was used as a Categorical variable, compared to those with the lowest intake, the odds ratio (OR) of individuals with the highest riboflavin intake for DR test, AFT test, DSST test and Z test were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.53~1), 0.68(95% CI: 0.49–0.96),0.53(95% CI: 0.37–0.77) and 0.56(95% CI: 0.39–0.8). The study also found an L-shaped association between riboflavin intake and cognitive decline, with an inflection point at approximately 2.984 mg/d.
Conclusions
Our cross-sectional study in a nationwide sample of American old adults suggests that dietary riboflavin intake was negative associated with cognitive decline.
Acknowledgements
We appreciate Dr. Jie Liu of the Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital for statistics, study deign consultations and editing the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The experimental protocol was approved by a National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. This study method followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) provided the following protocol approval numbers for the presented surveys years: Protocol #2011–17 (NHANES 2011–2012) and Continuation of Protocol #2011–17 (NHANES 2013–2014).
Availability of data and materials
Our research is based on public data from the NHANES, all details are from the official website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm). To obtain the application executable files, please contact the author Kai Zhang by email [email protected]
Authors' contributions
KZ and TYC contributed as co-First authors of this manuscript. YH, ZXG, YXZ and JYX were responsible for the concept and design of the study. ZYH, XQY and YFG explain the analysis. MG and TZL are responsible for data recovery. YXZ is the primary corresponding author. All authors critically revised the important intellectual content of the paper and approved the final draft.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Kai Zhang
Kai Zhang is a resident physician at the Second Hospital of Jilin University, currently pursuing a Master's degree in Medicine at Jilin University. He has published multiple SCI papers and has a certain understanding of clinical research.
Tianyi Cai
Tianyi Cai is an undergraduate student at Jilin University, majoring in clinical medicine. She mainly focuses on nutrition and the nervous system, and has published multiple articles.
Yu Han
Yu Han is a resident physician at the First Hospital of Jilin University, currently pursuing a Master's degree in Medicine at Jilin University. He has a deep understanding of clinical research and has made contributions in this field.
Zhaoxuan Gu
Zhaoxuan Gu is an undergraduate student at Jilin University, majoring in clinical medicine. He mainly focuses on nutrition and the nervous system, and has published multiple articles.
Rui Hu
Rui Hu is an undergraduate student at Jilin University, majoring in clinical medicine. He mainly focuses on nutrition and the nervous system, and has published multiple articles.
Zhengyan Hou
Zhengyan Hou is a resident physician in the internal medicine department of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, currently pursuing a Master of Medicine degree at Jilin University. He has a profound understanding of nutrition related research and has made contributions in this field.
Xiaoqi Yu
Xiaoqi Yu is a resident surgeon at the First Hospital of Jilin University and is currently pursuing a Master of Medicine degree at Jilin University. He has a profound understanding of surgical nutrition research and has made contributions in this field.
Yafang Gao
Yafang Gao is an undergraduate student at Jilin University, majoring in clinical medicine. He mainly focuses on nutrition and the nervous system, and has published multiple articles.
Min Gao
Min Gao is a resident oncologist at the First Hospital of Jilin University and is currently pursuing a Master of Medicine degree at Jilin University. He has a profound understanding of nutritional research for cancer patients and has made contributions in this field.
Tianzhou Liu
Tianzhou Liu is a professor in the field of gastrointestinal nutrition at the Second Hospital of Jilin University, with a doctoral degree from Jilin University. He has a profound understanding of nutritional research for clinical patients and has made contributions in this field.
Yixin Zhang
Dr. Yixin Zhang is a medical doctor who graduated from Jilin University and currently works as an attending physician at the cardiovascular surgery of Second Hospital of Jilin University.