Mechanical and physical properties and cyclic swell-shrink behaviour of expansive clay improved by recycled glass

Figures & data

Table 1. Sources studied on the effect of adding glass particles on the subgrade behavior

Source	Soil type	Additives and percentages	Preparation condition	Findings
Başarı (2012)	CH (LL = 58%, PI = 34%)	Grinded glass (<0.4 mm) (5%, 10%, 20%)	No information	LL, PI, OMC decreased as GC increased MDD increased as GC increased
Ikara et al. (2015)	BCS, CH (LL = 65.5%, PI = 34.9%)	Glass (<0.3 mm) (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) +Cement (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	LL, PI, LS, OMC decreased as GC and cement increased MDD increased as GC and cement increased UCS increased as GC and cement increased for 7 days curing however UCS remained about constant as GC increased for 14 days curing. For 28 days curing, UCS decreased as GC increased. CBR (unsoaked and soaked) increased as GC and cement increased
Fauzi et al. (2016)	CL (LL = 34.6%, PI = 17.7%) ML (LL = 35%, PI = 10.04%)	Glass (4%, 8%, 12%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	LL, PI decreased as GC increased MDD, CBR, C, φ increased and OMC decreased as GC increased.
Benny et al. (2017)	CH (LL = 70%, PI = 50%)	Glass powder (<0.075 mm) (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10)	OMC, MDD (standard)	MDD, CBR increased and OMC decreased as GC increased up to 6% then MDD, CBR decreased and OMC increased C, φ, UCS increased as GC increased up to 8% then they remained constant
Sohail and Honna (2018)	BCS, CH (LL = 56.4%, PI = 22%)	Glass powder (0.2 mm) (2.5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, 17.5%, 22.5%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	MDD decreased and OMC increased as GC increased up to 17.5% the MDD increased and OMC decreased. UCS increased as GC and curing increased
Attom (2018)	CH (LL = 79%, PI = 53)	Crushed glass (4.75-2 mm, 2-0.425 mm, <0.425 mm) (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%) + Cement (5%, 10%)	95% RC, 10% OMC	The swelling potential and swelling pressure decreased as both glass and cement content increased
Babatunde et al. (2019)	BSC*, CH (LL = 79%, PI = 55.8%)	Glass powder (<0.075 mm) (0%, 2%, 4%,6%, 8%)	British standard	Minor decrease was recorded for LL PI increased as GC* increased At 4%, MDD and UCS were recorded At 6%, maximum CBR was achieved
Arrieta Baldovino et al. (2020)	MH-ML (LL = 50.8%, PI = 14.9%)	Glass powder (<0.075 mm) (5%, 15%, 30%) +Cement (3%, 6%, 9%)	OMC, MDD (Standard, medium, modified)	UCS increased as glass, cement and curing time increased.
Blayi et al. (2020)	CL (LL = 44.2%, PI = 19.4%)	Glass powder (<0.4 mm) (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	LL, PI deceased as GC increased MDD, UCS, CBR increased as GC increased up to 15% then they decreased. OMC decreased as GC increased. Swelling potential decreased as GC increased φ* increased as glass content increased. C* decreased as glass content increased Improving subgrade soil with 15% GC decreases the thickness of the sub-base by about 63%.
Javed and Chakraborty (2020)	CL-ML (LL = 49.5%, PI = 21.5%)	Glass powder (<0.075 mm) (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%,10%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	LL, PI decreased as glass GC increased MDD increased and OMC decreased as GC increased CBR (unsoaked and soaked), C, φ increased as GC and cement increased UCS increased as GC increased up to 8% then UCS decreased
Ibrahim et al. (2021)	CH (LL = 51%, PI = 28.4%)	Glass powder (<0.075 mm) (6%, 12%, 18%, 27%, 36%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	LL, PI, LS, OMC decreased as GC increased MDD increased as glass content increased UCS increased by adding up to 27% glass then decreased (27% is the optimum). Cc* increased and Cs* remained almost constant as GC increased Free swelling decreased as GC increased (18% is the optimum)
Yaghoubi et al. (2021)	CH (LL = 74.8%, PI = 26.9%)	Crush glass (<4.75 mm) (10%, 20%, 30%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	113% increase in resilient modulus of clay by the addition of 30% RG
(Cabalar and Demir 2022)	CH (LL = 297%, PI = 125%)	Glass (<0.6 mm) (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%)	OMC, MDD (standard)	12% increase in MDD and 23% decrease in OMC by addition 40% RG 65% decrease in Cc* and Cs* by the addition of 40% RG Significant increase in hydraulic conductivity with adding 40% RG

RC: Relative compaction, bOMC: below optimum moisture content, BSC: Black cotton soils, LL: Liquid limit, PI: Plasticity index, LS: Linear shrinkage, GC: glass content, C: Cohesion, φ: Angle of internal friction, Cc: Compression index, Cs: Swelling index.

Figure 1. Grain size distribution curves of the clay and recycled glass.

Figure 2. Modified oedometer set up used for the swell-shrink test.

Figure 3. Moisture content vs void ratio at equilibrium according to Gould et al. (2011).

Figure 4. Compaction test results: (a) standard compaction curves, (b) effect of RG content on compaction characteristics.

Figure 5. Effect of RG content on the consistency limits.

Figure 6. Oedometer test results: (a) variation of global void ratio with vertical stress (b) Cc and Cs vs RG content.

Figure 7. Effect of RG contents on the swelling potential of clay.

Table 2. Classification of reactive soils.

Swelling (%)	Expansivity Classification (Seed et al. 1962)
0–1.5	Low
1.5–5	Medium
5–25	High
>25	Very high

Figure 8. The UCS test results at various RG contents.

Figure 9. The CBR values at various RG contents.

Figure 10. States of RG-stabilized clay after four cycles of shrinkage (a) RG-0 (b) RG-10 (c) RG-20 and (d) RG-25.

Figure 11. Vertical strains and swell–shrink cycles relationship.

Figure 12. Variation in vertical swelling and shrinkage with swell–shrink cycles.

Figure 13. The void ratio – moisture content relationship at the equilibrium.

Figure 14. Effect of the RG content on the OMC and MDD of clay.

Figure 15. Effect of the RG particle size and content on LL and PI.

Figure 16. Effect of the RG particle size and content on UCS.

Figure 17. Effect of the RG particle size and content on CBR.

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Data availability statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.