Framing similar issues differently: a cross-cultural discourse analysis of news images

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the Iranian and the Dutch news images and texts in 200 news articles (100 from each country).

	Texts including images	Total number of images	Texts with multiple images	Texts about domestic events	Texts about foreign events
Iran	45	58	10	34	11
Netherlands	13	25	5	1	12
Total	58	83	15	35	23

Table 2. Categories, their function and sub-categories.

Category	Function	Sub-categories
Occurrence	Inclusion and exclusion show which actors and objects are emphasized or de-emphasized	Actors (officials, criminals, victims, others); Objects (judicial, crime tool, hospital, other); Setting (judicial, hospital, geographical area, other)
Composition	Shows values linked to the depicted object or actor with regard to design of image	Size; Foregrounded/ Backgrounded; Centrality (absolute and relative)
Representation of Actors	Contributes to understanding of built identities	Emotion (positive, negative, neutral); Clothing (everyday, uniform, prison, hospital)
Representation of Actions	Contributes to understanding of the included actions as well as the perspective through which action is depicted	Type (crime, hospitalization, judicial, other crime-related); Agent (present/absent)
Perspective	Shows the viewer’s position in relation to the depicted actor or object e.g. equal or dominant observation	Angle (bird-eye, high, eye-level, low, worm); Anchor (frontal, back, oblique, front-oblique and back-oblique); Distance (intimate, close personal, far personal, close social, far social, public, impersonal)
Degree of realism	Captures associated values with regard to depiction of realistic versus non-realistic and abstract scenes	Actor (naturalistic/posed, identifiable/nonidentifiable/manipulated, realistic/invented); Setting (included/excluded, detailed/non-detailed, naturalistic/invented/manipulated); Image (photograph/invented, depth)

Figure 1. Example of non-identified but contextualized depiction of actors (Etemad, May 5, 2014).

Figure 2. Example of identified but not contextualized portraits (De Volkskrant, May 6, 2014).

Figure 3. Example of neither identified nor contextualized actors (Jam-e-Jam. August 25, 2013).

Figure 4. Example of identifiable and contextualized actors (De Telegraaf, November 26, 2013).

Figure 5. Example image depicting geographical area of crime location (De Volkskrant, May 6, 2014).

Figure 6. Example of image depicting emotionally affected and passive actors (Jam-e-Jam, January 20, 2014).

Figure 7. Example of image depicting active protestors (Iran, June 2, 2014).

Figure 8. Example of image showing overview of a scene (De Volkskrant, November 4, 2013).

Figure 9. Example of image depicting judicial objects i.e. a number of handcuffs (Jam-e-Jam, November 7, 2013).

Figure 10. Example of a highly manipulated image (Jam-e-Jam, May 31, 2014).