Informality, Paradiplomacy, and Cross-Border Cooperation: The Development of Tourism on Bintan Island, Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Lagoi Free Trade Zone on Bintan Island

Source: Created by the authors

Table 1. Tourism Sector’s Contribution to Bintan Regency’s Revenue (in IDR)

Income	Year
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Total regional income	177,688,655,378	167,177,712,950	191,299,539,912	220,965,788,507	320,649,707,674	117,325,580,429
Tax income from tourism sector	90,792,544,882	101,937,387,242	116,620,562,604	137,303,632,695	149,443,782,791	40,685,572,046
Tax income from Lagoi	83,589,366,771	91,732,739,423	104,138,648,752	115,926,335,852	119,138,138,094	32,069,349,178
Percentage of tourism sector to overall regional income	51%	61%	61%	62%	47%	35%
Income from Lagoi to tourism sector (percentages)	92%	90%	89%	84%	80%	79%

Source: Interview with Bintan Tourism Official (2021)

Figure 2. Tourist arrivals in Lagoi (2016–2019)

Source: Interview with PT BRC Management (2021)

Table 2. Foreign Tourists Visiting Bintan (2010–2020)

International Tourism Visits	Year
	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Bintan	411,899	443,533	440,332	417,747	418,533	395,189	398,653	489,474	663,002	804,099	82,934
Riau Islands	1,108,354	1,265,978	1,327,107	1,441,319	1,554,892	1,642,484	1,521,579	1,650,488	1,972,002	2,060,696	328,314
Indonesia	7,002,944	7,649,731	8,044,462	8,802,129	9,435,411	10,230,775	11,519,275	14,039,799	15,810,305	16,106,954	4,052,923
TOTAL	22%	22%	22%	21%	21%	20%	17%	15%	17%	18%	10%

Source: compiled from various sources: Ministry of Tourism Strategic Plan 2015–2019, Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy Strategic Plan 2020–2024, Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy Performance Accountability Report 2020, Riau Island Province’s Medium Term Development Plan 2010–2015, Riau Island Province’s Medium Term Development Plan 2016–2022, Riau Island Province’s Medium Term Development Plan 2021–2026, Bintan Regency’s Medium Term Development Plan 2010–2015, Bintan Regency’s Medium Term Development Plan 2016–2021