Do Different Pairings of Teaching Styles and Learning Styles Make a Difference? Preceptor and Resident Perceptions

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Grasha's Teaching and Learning Style Clusters

Teaching style	Learning Style
Expert/Formal Authority	Dependent, Participant, Competitive
Personal Model/Expert/Formal Authority	Participant, Dependent, Collaborative
Facilitator/Personal Model/Expert	Collaborative, Participant, Independent
Delegator/Facilitative/ Expert	Independent, Collaborative, Participant

TABLE 2 Preceptor Teaching Styles and Resident Learning Styles

TS	No. Preceptors ^a (No. with Single TS)	LS	No. Residents ^a (No. with Single LS)
Expert	17	Independent	18
Formal Authority	1	Avoidant	0
Personal Model	8	Collaborative	42 (23 ^b )
Facilitator	23	Dependent	1
Delegator	41(13 ^b )	Competitive	7
Mixed preferences	28	Participant	1
No preference	3	Mixed preferences	19
		No preference	2

TABLE 3 Standardized Mean Differences of PRRI and CTCI Across Combinations

		PRRI Resident			PRRI Preceptor			CTCI Resident			CTCI Preceptor
TS/LS Pairs	No. Pairs	Pair M (SD)	All Others M (SD)	d	Pair M (SD)	All Others M (SD)	d	Pair M (SD)	All Others M (SD)	d	Pair M (SD)	All Others M (SD)	d
Expert/ Independent	8	28.12 (5.49)	27.89 (4.73)	0.04 ^c	27.25 (2.82)	25.03 (4.31)	0.61 ^b	91.75 (8.56)	88.27 (8.83)	0.40 ^c	81.05 (8.86)	82.11 (7.07)	0.13 ^c
Expert/ Collaborator	16	27.56 (4.79)	28.14 (4.89)	−0.12 ^c	26.25 (4.16)	24.96 (4.13)	0.31 ^c	91.34 (7.98)	87.48 (9.07)	0.45 ^c	82.62 (8.67)	81.64 (6.56)	0.13 ^c
Personal Model/ Independent	4	28.75 (5.32)	27.85 (4.82)	0.18 ^c	28.50 (3.11)	25.12 (4.13)	0.92 ^a	95.25 (3.40)	88.27 (8.93)	1.03 ^a	87.50 (5.57)	81.45 (7.29)	0.93 ^a
Personal Model/ Collaborator	8	27.75 (4.89)	27.97 (4.85)	−0.05 ^c	27.75 (4.06)	24.92 (4.03)	0.70 ^b	92.81 (7.62)	88.03 (8.89)	0.58 ^b	87.38 (5.24)	80.81 (7.22)	1.04 ^a *
Facilitator/ Independent	9	28.00 (6.36)	27.91 (4.43)	0.02 ^c	27.00 (3.39)	25.03 (4.26)	0.51 ^b	89.44 (11.08)	88.78 (8.27)	0.07 ^c	84.33 (6.00)	81.40 (7.57)	0.43 ^c
Facilitator/ Collaborator	22	27.64 (5.42)	28.23 (4.21)	−0.12 ^c	26.54 (3.30)	24.32 (4.64)	0.55 ^b	89.25 (10.07)	88.57 (7.45)	0.08 ^c	86.32 (5.66)	77.68 (6.20)	1.46 ^a **
Facilitator/ Competitive	4	23.50 (5.80)	28.38 (4.54)	−0.94 ^a	25.00 (3.56)	25.48 (4.23)	–0.12 ^c	81.00 (9.20)	89.73 (8.45)	−0.99 ^a	85.50 (3.51)	81.65 (7.53)	0.66 ^b
Delegator/ Independent	17	27.71 (5.77)	28.07 (4.20)	−0.07 ^c	24.76 (3.99)	25.85 (4.25)	–0.26 ^c	86.88 (9.87)	90.25 (7.92)	−0.38 ^c	79.71 (7.30)	83.44 (7.08)	−0.52 ^b
Delegator/ Collaborative	39	27.74 (4.97)	29.40 (3.29)	−0.39 ^c	25.67 (4.13)	23.60 (4.16)	0.50 ^b	88.83 (9.17)	89.60 (5.68)	−0.10 ^c	82.46 (7.52)	78.40 (4.34)	0.66 ^b
Delegator/ Competitive	7	25.57 (6.12)	28.38 (4.48)	0.52 ^b	24.43 (3.55)	25.62 (4.26)	–0.30 ^c	84.28 (7.91)	89.82 (8.77)	0.66 ^b	83.28 (4.07)	81.76 (7.79)	0.24
Note: d = standardized mean difference.

TABLE 4 Summary of Significant PRRI and CTCI by Item

Resident as Evaluator		Preceptor as Evaluator
Pair	No. of Significant PRRI Items (Positive ^a or Negative ^b )	Pair	No. of Significant PRRI Items (Positive ^a or Negative ^b )
Facilitator TS – Competitive LS	1 (Negative)	Expert TS – Independent LS	1 (Positive)
Delegator TS – Competitive LS	1 (Negative)	Personal Model TS – Collaborative LS	1 (Positive)
		Facilitator TS – Collaborative LS	3 (Positive)
		Facilitator TS – Independent LS	1 (Positive)
		Delegator TS – Collaborative LS	1 (Positive)
Note: PRRI = Preceptor–Resident Relationship Inventory; CTCI = Clinical Teacher Characteristics Instrument; TS = teaching style; LS = learning style.
Pair	No. of Significant CTCI Items (Positive ^a or Negative ^b )	Pair	No. of Significant CTCI Items (Positive ^a or Negative ^b )
Expert TS – Independent LS	1 (Positive)	Personal Model TS – Independent LS	3 (Positive)
Expert TS – Collaborative LS	1 (Positive)	Personal Model TS – Collaborative LS	3 (Positive)
Personal Model TS – Independent LS	8 (Positive)	Facilitator TS – Independent LS	2 (Positive)
Personal Model TS – Collaborative LS	3 (Positive)	Facilitator TS – Competitive LS	2 (Positive)
Facilitator TS – Competitive LS	5 (Negative)	Facilitator TS – Collaborative LS	13 (Positive)
Delegator TS – Collaborative LS	2 (Negative)	Delegator TS – Collaborative LS	5 (4 Positive, 1 Negative)
Delegator TS - Competitive LS	1 (Negative)	Delegator TS – Independent LS	4 (Negative)