A review of the biological and chemical effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual diagram of hypolimnetic oxygenation control on nutrients, metals, phytoplankton, fish, and zooplankton.

Table 1. A summary of studies investigating the effects of HO on water column nutrient concentrations.

ΔP concentration	ΔN concentration	Sediment iron concentrations	Other restoration actions	Citation
−45% TP	Not reported	Not reported	Lake treated with lime during study	Prepas and Burke 1997; Prepas et al. 1997
Statistically significant decrease in 1999–2000	TN and NH4^+ decreased	Not reported	Treated with modified clay (to sequester P) prior to study	Greenop et al. 2001
Decrease in TP	Not reported	Not reported	None reported	Gerling et al. 2014
−66% TP, −85% SRP	+45% NO3^−, −79% NH4^+	Not reported	None reported	Gemza 1997
None	Not reported	Not reported	Reduction in external loading prior to study	Noll 2011
Decreased	Not reported	Not sufficient for long-term P sequestration	Reduction in external load during study	Gächter and Wehrli 1998
−99% TP	Decrease in NH4^+	Not reported	None reported	Debroux et al. 2012
Decrease in TP	Decrease in NH4^+	Low	Destratification during study	Grochowska and Gawrońska 2004
−54% TP	Not reported	Relatively high	Biomanipulation during study	Liboriussen et al. 2009
−88% TP	−88% NH4^+	Relatively high	50% reduction in external P load during study	Søndergaard et al. 2000; Liboriussen et al. 2009
Decreased	Decrease in NH4^+	Not sufficient for long-term P sequestration	Reduction in external loading, artifical mixing in winter during study	Gächter 1987; Gächter and Wehrli 1998
Decrease in TP	Not reported	Not reported	Reduction in external loading prior to study	Schuaser and Chorus 2007
−38% TP	−42% NH4^+	Relatively high	Significant reduction in external load prior to study	Liboriussen et al. 2009
−61% TP	Not reported	Not reported	Hypolimentic withdrawal, reduction in external load during study	Premazzi et al. 2005; Zaccara et al. 2007
−49% TP	−48% NH4^+	Relatively high	None reported	Liboriussen et al. 2009
−45% TP	−33% NH4^+	Relatively high	Biomanipulation prior to study	Liboriussen et al. 2009
Statistically significant decrease in TP	Not reported	Not reported	Alum treatment prior to and during study, external loading reduction prior to study	Moore and Christensen 2009; Moore et al. 2012
−33% TP, −50% SRP	−30% NO3^−, −27% NH4+	Not reported	None reported	Gemza 1997

Prepas EE, Burke JM. 1997. Effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation on water quality in Amisk Lake, Alberta, a deep, eutrophic lake with high internal P loading rates. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 54(9):2111–2120. doi:10.1139/f97-125.

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Prepas FF, Murphy TP, Dinsmore WP, Burke JM, Chamber PA, Reedyk S. 1997. Lake management based on lime application and hypolimnetic oxygenation: the experience in eutrophic hardwater lakes in Alberta. Water Qual Res J Can. 32:273–293.

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Greenop B, Lovatt K, Robb M. 2001. The use of artificial oxygenation to reduce nutrient availability in the Canning River, Western Australia. Water Sci Technol. 43(9):133–144.

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Gerling AB, Browne RG, Gantzer PA, Mobley MH, Little JC, Carey CC. 2014. First report of the successful operation of a side stream supersaturation hypolimnetic oxygenation system in a eutrophic, shallow reservoir. Wat Res. 67:129–143. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.002.

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Gemza AF. 1997. Water quality improvements during hypolimnetic oxygenation in two Ontario lakes. Water Qual Res J Can. 32:365–390.

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Noll MR. 2011. P cycling in a managed lake ecosystem: seasonal and longer-term trends. Appl Geochem. 26:S234–S237. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.112.

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Gächter R, Wehrli B. 1998. Ten years of artificial mixing and oxygenation: no effect on the internal P loading of two eutrophic lakes. Environ Sci Technol. 32(23):3659–3665. doi:10.1021/es980418l.

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Debroux JF, Beutel MW, Thompson CM, Mulligan S. 2012. Design and testing of a novel hypolimnetic oxygenation system to improve water quality in Lake Bard, California. Lake Reserv Manage. 28(3):245–254. doi:10.1080/07438141.2012.716501.

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Grochowska J, Gawrońska H. 2004. Restoration effectiveness of a degraded lake using multi-year artificial aeration. Pol J Environ Stud. 13(6):671–681.

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Liboriussen L, Søndergaard M, Jeppesen E, Thorsgaard I, Grünfeld S, Jakobsen TS, Hansen K. 2009. Effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation on water quality: results from five Danish lakes. Hydrobiologia. 625(1):157–172. doi:10.1007/s10750-009-9705-0.

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Søndergaard M, Jeppesen E, Peder Jensen J, Lauridsen T. 2000. Lake restoration in Denmark. Lakes Reserv Res Manage. 5(3):151–159. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1770.2000.00110.x.

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Gächter R. 1987. Lake restoration. Why oxygenation and artificial mixing cannot substitute for a decrease in external P loading. Schweiz Z Hydrol. 49(2):170–185. doi:10.1007/BF02538501.

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Schuaser I, Chorus I. 2007. Assessment of internal and external lake restoration measures for two Berlin lakes. Lake Reserv Manage. 23:366–376. doi:10.1080/07438140709354024.

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Premazzi G, Cardoso AC, Rodari E, Austoni M, Chiaudani G. 2005. Hypolimnetic withdrawal coupled with oxygenation as lake restoration measures: the successful case of Lake Varese (Italy). Limnetica. 24(1–2):123–132.

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Zaccara S, Canziani A, Roella V, Crosa G. 2007. A northern Italian shallow lake as a case study for eutrophication control. Limnology. 8(2):155–160. doi:10.1007/s10201-007-0209-1.

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Moore BC, Christensen D. 2009. Newman Lake restoration: a case study. Part I. Chemical and biological responses to P control. Lake Reserv Manage. 25(4):337–350. doi:10.1080/07438140903172907.

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Moore BC, Cross BK, Beutel M, Dent S, Preece E, Swanson M. 2012. Newman Lake restoration: a case study. Part III. Hypolimnetic oxygenation. Lake Reserv Manage. 28(4):311–327. doi:10.1080/07438141.2012.738463.

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